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Dictionary of pastellists before 1800
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF PASTELLISTS' ACTIVITY
The lists below show
the towns where pastellists in the Dictionary have been recorded, including permanent locations as well as temporary visits.
Some notes on a number of institutions that are of particular relevance to pastels and pastellists are also included.
The names of the pastellists are listed in chronological order of their
earliest appearance in that town. The data have been sorted automatically and the
earliest and latest dates indicated are often theoretical (i.e. based
on an arbitrary birth + 20 years - death) rather than derived from
specific information. For further details and nuances please refer to
the artist article in the Dictionary. Names of towns and countries
are normally given in current form, although some groupings (e.g. West
Indies) are not political. Larger territories are given where no more
specific information is available, and the names of pastellists reported only as visting a country appear immediately under the names of that
country.
The typeface indicates
whether the artist is significant (artists for whom a minimum
of 10 records or 4 images are known); minor (known pastellists with
a smaller known œuvre); amateur; and unverified (artists who may have worked in pastel according
to unverifiable sources).
Austria Belgium Canada China Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary India Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland The Netherlands Turkey Ukraine USA Wales West Indies
Graz
Pastellists: Fontaine (1750-1800)
Innsbruck
Pastellists: Lippi (1626-1695);
Haller (1718-1772); Taxis (1766-1799);
Lampi (1771-1830); Altmutter (1771-1817); Pfaundler (1777-1822)
Krems
Pastellists: M J Schmidt (1738-1801)
Salzburg
Pastellists: Troger (1754); Streicher (1758-1811);
Edlinger (1761-1819); Lampi (1771-1830)
Vienna
A private academy was opened by Peter Strudel in 1688, and recognised by Leopold I. in 1692. Karl VI
reestablished it in 1726 with Jacob van Schuppen as head. A rival Kupferstecherschule was founded by Jakob Matthias Schmutzer 1766. In 1772
Kaunitz merged all the art schools into the "k. k. freye, vereinigte Akademie der bildenden Künste". Under Joseph II. a system of examination
and reception pieces was introduced. Frau Beyer admitted 1771. Teachers included Füger and Lampi. The Militärakademie was established by Maria
Theresia in 1752; Albrecht was Zeichenlehrer c.1785.
Pastellists: Cranach
(1500-1504); Ruprecht
v d Pfalz (1639-1682); M Merian (1641-1687); Kupecky
(1686-1740); Van Schuppen (1690-1751); Meloni
(1696-1713); G Kilian (1703-1775); Seybold (1710-1768);
Meytens (1715-1770); Bencovich (1716-1743); Eisenberg
(1720-1770); Rotari (1727-1762); Franz I. Stephan
(1728-1765); Hilverding (1730-1768); Dietrich
(1732-1774); L Schneider
(1732-1739); Pilo (1737-1740); M J Schmidt (1738-1801); G M Fuchs
(1739-1797); Brecheisen (1740-1766); Brand (1742-1795); Liotard
(1743-1778); Schuncko (1744-1751); Kobler
(1745-1760); Millitz (1745-1779);
U Gandolfi (1748-1781); Pillement (1748-1808); Beyer (1750-1790);
Schönbrunn pastellist (1750-1775); Hagelgans (1755-1761);
Linder (1756-1802); Helbling (1757-1783); Meichsner (1757-1815);
Streicher (1758-1811); Edlinger (1758-1765); Wutky (1759-1823);
Kranzinger (1760-1772); Lion (1760-1768); Alphen (1761-1772);
Maria Christine (1762-1798);
Bernard (1763-1777); Honnete (1763-1793); Berczy (1764-1813);
Bacciarelli (1764-1766); Clavareau (1765-1765); Lesseur-Lesserowicz
(1765-1813); Ducreux (1767-1769); Cambruzzi (1768-1768);
Meinegge (1769-1779); J H Schmidt (1769-1829); Guttenbrunn (1770-1813); J F A Tischbein (1770-1812); Füger
(1771-1818); Lampi (1771-1830); Lange (1771-1831);
Böttner (1772-1805); Weixlbaum (1772-1840); Marie-Antoinette
(1775-1793); Therbusch (1776-1782); Grassi (1777-1838);
A Roslin (1777-1778); Albrecht (1778-1822); Moosbrugger (1780-1849);
Koré (1781-1793); Casanova (1783-1802); Santa Cruz (1783-1784);
G F Taubert (1783-1839); Staiger (1785-1808); A Wagner (1786-1799);
J M Hess (1788-1830); K A H Hess (1789-1849); Vigée Le Brun
(1792-1795); J M Wagner (1797-1858); Bodemer (1799-1824);
Jagemann (1800-1820); J F Wagner (1800-1800); Merz (1802-1807);
Geiger (1803-1809); Tangermann (1812-1830)
Pastellists: Therbusch (1769-1782); Bolomey (1775-1819); Hendriks (1775-1831)
Aachen
Pastellists: Pfeiffer (1761-1807);
Monpeur (1777-1780); Châteaubourg (1795-1837)
Antwerp
The Sint-Lucasgilde goes back to 1382, encompassing a number of related trades. In 1663 by David Teniers established the Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Antwerpen. From 1756 Beschey was dean of the guild, which was disbanded in 1773; he became professor-director of the Academie. Lonsing won the prix de Rome c.1761.
Pastellists: H Van der Mijn (1516-1718); Rubens (1597-1640); Lasne (1617-1620); Dusart (1638-1683); Boel (1642-1674);
Michau (1710-1765); Wit (1715-1716); J
B Xavery (1717-1742); Beschey
(1728-1776); Lens (1759-1822); Lonsing (1759-1761); Van Spaendonck
(1764-1769); Mertens (1765-1821); Kerrich (1768-1828);
Cuijlenburg (1816-1827); Gree (1769–86)
Bruges
The Académie libre des Beaux-Arts de Bruges was founded by a group of painters and amateurs in 1720 and took over the Loge des Bourgeois, a building dating back to the 14th century. Joseph van den Kerckhove was first professor, directing the drawing school; but it closed on his death four years later. Mathias de Visch (1702-1765) took over and reopened the academy in 1739, developing the Italianate and French genre styles. The building was burned down in 1755. De Visch died in 1765, and was succeeded by Garemijn who resigned in 1775 after a difference of opinion with his colleagues. He was replaced by Paul Joseph de Cockq. Maria Theresia conferred the title "royale" on the Académie, which continued to be supported by Joseph II. and Napoléon.
Pastellists: Garemijn (1732-1799);
Le Gillon (1759-1797); Valet (1768-1768); C Noël (1771-1798);
Fricx (1774-1814); Van der Donckt (1777-1814); Imbert des Motelettes
(1784-1837); San (1790-1830)
Bruxelles
Pastellists: Neer (1654-1703);
Vivien (1677-1734); Michau (1698-1765); Birochon (1726-1726);
J C Oudry (1740-1778); Legendre (1750-1790); Pfeiffer (1761-1807);
Eisen (1778-1778); Lens (1781-1822); Honnete (1782-1793); Lion
(1784-1809); Hallez (1790-1840); Schipper (1795-1830);
David (1815-1825)
Dinant
Pastellists: Lion (1769-1809)
Flanders
Pastellists: Pasquier (1780-1806)
Gent
Pastellists: Paul Bernard (1757-1820)
Ieper
Pastellists: Senave (1778-1823)
Jemappes
Pastellists: Hallez (1796-1840)
Liège
Pastellists: Demarteau (1749-1776);
Lion (1750-1809); Coclers van Wyck (1758-1804); Coclers (1781-1815);
P d'Esterno (1782-1790); Hall (1793-1793); Levoz (1800-1820)
Mons
An Académie de dessin was founded in 1780 but closed in 1794. It was followed by École centrale du département de Jemappes 1797, of which Hallez was named professor in 1796.
Pastellists: Hallez (1789-1840)
Montréal
Pastellists: Beaucourt (1760-1794);
Dulongpré (1779-1843); Heer (1783-1808); Ramage (1794-1802)
Québec
Pastellists: Baillairgé (1779-1830)
Pastellists: Sparrgren (1783-1828); Hickey (1792-1794); Chinnery (1800-1852)
Dalmatia
Pastellists: N
Grassi (1702-1748)
Dubrovnik
Pastellists: Bencovich
(1697-1753)
Bohemia
Pastellists: Kupecky
(1686-1740)
Moravia
Pastellists: Blattner (1753-1792)
Prague
The Akademie für bildende Kunst was established in 1799, with Bergler its first director.
Pastellists: Steinel (1752-1794);
Millitz (1763-1779); J H Schmidt (1769-1829); Steinsky (1772-1772);
Vratislav (1779-1815); G F Taubert (1783-1839); Bergler (1800-1829)
Åbenrå
Pastellists: Jessen (1763-1807)
Copenhagen
Det Kongelige Danske Akademi for de Skønne Kunster was founded in 1754: its earliest directors wer Nicolai Eigtved (1754), Jacques-François-Joseph Saly 1754-71, and Gustav Pilo 1771-72. Als, Darbes and Høyer also taught there.
Pastellists: I Mengs (1708-1764);
Pavona (1715-1777); Denner (1717-1717); G M Fuchs (1739-1797);
Pilo (1740-1792); Eriksen (1742-1782); J A Peters (1745-1795);
Als (1746-1776); Pasch (1752-1805); Brecheisen (1757-1764);
Høyer (1761-1804); Sturz (1762-1768); Jessen (1763-1807);
Juel (1765-1802); Haffner (1766-1808);
Ipsen (1766-1805); Caroline Mathilde (1766-1772);
Darbes (1767-1810); Nøragger (1771-1807);
Bypobie (1774); Voigts (1774-1813); Clemens (1775-1791); Fehrmann (1780-1837);
Deramm (1780-1789); Schule (1784-1816); Horneman (1785-1844);
Hansen (1789-1828); Le Monnier (1791-1799);Fraenckel (1792-1857); Lund (1798-1823)
Jagerpris
Pastellists: Haffner (1766-1808)
Schleswig
Pastellists: Voigts (1767-1813)
Pastellists: Jackson (1625-1675); Place (1667-1728); Perkyns (1675-1685); T Hill (1681-1734); Graves (1704-1725); Eyre (1732-1777); Castle (1734-1738); Oets (1740-1790); Eichler (1744-1783); Czapski (1745-1792); Rose (1765-1799); Gemarin (1792-1792)
Bath
Lit.: Bath 2002; McEvansoneya 1999
Pastellists: Borlase (1716-1772); Worlidge (1720-1766); Van
Diest (1730-1760); Hoare (1739-1792); Gainsborough (1747-1788);
S Pine (1752-1772); R Barber (1752-1772); Wright of Derby (1754-1797);
Humphry (1760-1784); Davies (1761-1805); Hickey (1761-1824);
Vaslet (1762-1808); M Hoare (1764-1820); Redmond (1769-1785);
Sharples (1771-1811); P Hoare (1772-1772); Beauclerk (1776-1777);
Eccles (1777-1777); Warren (1777-1778); Daniel (1780-1803);
Huquier (1780-1805); Cooke (1781-1801); Morris (1784-1807);
J H Benwell (1784-1785); E Sharples (1787-1849); Lawrence
(1789-1830); Sanders Jr (1790-1825); Hobday (1791-1831); Hutchison
(1795-1830); Pack (1797-1840); Chaceré (1800-1833)
Birmingham
Pastellists: Longastre (1805-1806)
Bristol
Pastellists: Vispré
(1757-1794); Daniel (1780-1803); Byron (1784-1792);
Hobday (1791-1831); E Sharples (1811-1849)
Buckinghamshire
Pastellists: Lindsey (1665-1719)
Cambridge
Pastellists: Saunders (1702-1758);
Huquier (1745-1805); Kerrich (1768-1828);
Sharples (1771-1811); P Romney (1774-1777); Downman
(1777-1824)
Coventry
Pastellists: Saunders (1756-1758)
Cumberland
Pastellists: Ferguson (1730-1776)
Darlington
Pastellists: Sykes (1762-1782)
Derby
Pastellists: Wright of Derby
(1777-1797)
Doncaster
Pastellists: J R Smith (1771-1812)
Dorset
Pastellists: Shaftesbury (1731-1758)
Exeter
Pastellists: Jehner (1770-1806);
Hargrave (1780-1780)
Gloucester
Pastellists: Saunders
(1752-1758)
Goodwood
Pastellists: J R Smith (1771-1812)
Greenwich
Pastellists: Collins (1770-1819)
Kendal
Pastellists: G Romney (1762-1798)
Ipswich
Pastellists: P Romney (1763-1777)
Knutsford
Pastellists: Stringer (1774-1806)
Leeds
Pastellists: Hird (1744-1782)
Lichfield
Pastellists: Saunders (1752-1758);
Bateman (1779-1785)
Liverpool
The Society of Encouragement of the Arts, Painting and Design in Liverpool was founded in 1773 by a group of amateurs including William Roscoe; it held exhibitions from 1774.
Pastellists: R Tate (1755-1787);
Thornhill (1757-1757); Chubbard (1758-1809); Wright (1768-1771); P Romney (1769-1777);
Roscoe (1773-1831); Sharples (1774-1811); Pack (1781-1840);
Costard (1784-1784); T M Tate (1784-1825); Worrall (1784-1784)
London
A number of teaching establishments existed from the 17th century on, mostly ephemeral. Kneller founded an academy of painting in 1711 at
his house in Great Queen Street; Lutterell and Jonathan Richardson Sr were active there. The Society of Dilettanti was set up in 1732. A second
St Martin's Lane Academy was set up by Hogarth and others in 1735; Hayman, Dandridge were active, and Vanderbank taught Pond there. The Duke of Richmond's academy flourished for about 10 years from 1758. Among more minor
establishments, William Burgess's Maiden Lane academy taught a number of pastellists. William
Shipley set up a private academy in 1753 (advertised in the London chronicle, 23.iv.1757), initially based in his house in Craig's Court, Charing Cross,
but from 1756 in Castle Court, Strand. Confusingly in 1754 Shipley also founded the "Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce" (known as the Society of Arts, or, from 1908, the Royal Society of Arts; not to be confused
with the Royal Society), and used the same rooms for teaching his pupils (but the institutions were separate). The Society offered
premiums to pupils from 1755 (Shipley did not serve on the committee awarding these prizes). Premiums and bounties were also awarded for
inventions (the former were for competitions, the latter were unsolicited). A group of artists staged a first public exhibition in the
Society's great room at Denmark Court, the Strand in 1760. The following year,
somewhat confusingly, a schism occurred: what became the Free Society of Artists continued in the Strand, holding exhibitions from 1761 to 1783,
while the newly established rival Society of Artists of Great Britain commenced its annual exhibitions in Spring Gardens; it became the
Incorporated Society of Arts when it received its royal charter in 1765, and was dissolved in 1791. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded in
1768; it held annual exhibitions. The Royal Academy Schools were established at the same time; awarded travelling scholarships. Public auctions
were initiated by Edward Millington in 1692; Christie's was established in 1766.
Lit.: Bignamini 1988; Hargraves 2005; Saumarez Smith 2012
Pastellists: Holbein (1526-1546);
Lockey (1586-1616); Rubens (1597-1640);
Oliver (1609-1647); Hoskins (1610-1665); Gerbier
(1612-1663); Cooper (1629-1672); R Gibson (1635-1690); Faithorne (1636-1691);
Lely (1638-1680); Ruprecht v d Pfalz (1639-1682); Evelyn (1640-1706); M
Merian (1641-1687); Dusart (1656-1683); Thrumpton (1662-1673);
Huygens (1663-1697); Kneller (1666-1723); Riley
(1666-1691); Place (1667-1728);
Ashfield (1669-1690); Greenhill (1669-1676); Lutterell
(1670-1724); Jn Smith (1672-1743); G Copley (1673-1709);
I v Wessel (1674-1678); Gibbons (1675-1785); Brownover
(1678-1699); Thoresby (1678-1724);
Tilson (1679-1695); Beale (1680-1714); Elder (1680-1701); A Benoist
(1684-1684); Richardson (1687-1745); Dahl (1688-1743); E Gibson
(1688-1701); L Goupy (1690-1747); Pawling (1690-1700); Romandon
(1690-1697); White (1691-1732); Johnston (1694-1694); Howard
(1695-1738); Jervas (1695-1739); G W Lafontaine (1700-1745);
Spence (1700-1750); B Lens
(1701-1740); Le Bouteux
(1703-1750); Zincke (1705-1767); J Goupy (1706-1769);
Dormer (1709-1729); Rawlinson (1710–1755); Highmore (1712-1780); Worsdale (1712-1767); Vanderbank (1714-1739);
Ricci (1716-1734); Knapton (1718-1778); G E Schröder (1718-1725);
Burlington (1719-1758); Dandridge (1719-1755); Delany (1720-1788);
Eisenberg (1720-1770); G Lambert (1720-1765); Worlidge (1720-1766); Grisoni
(1720-1728); Pond (1721-1758); Queensberry (1721-1777);
H Van der Mijn (1721-1741); J
A Arlaud (1721-1746); Denner
(1721-1728); Cole (1723-1735);
Hoare (1727-1792); J
J Kauffmann (1727-1782); Hayman (1728-1776); Anna
van Oranje-Nassau (1729-1734);
Ferguson (1730-1776); Frye (1730-1762); Phelps (1730-1785); Devis (1731-1787); Shaftesbury
(1731-1758); Saunders (1732-1758); Dysart (1733-1755);
T Lawranson (1733-1786); Ramsay (1733-1784); J Stuart (1733-1788);
Lindo (1734-1767); Bedford (1735-1794); Lyttelton (1736-1795);
Morland (1736-1797); Clermont (1737-1754); F L Hauck (1738-1801);
Hone (1738-1784); J B Van Loo (1738-1742); Blakey (1739-1758);
Hodgson (1739-1794); F Van der Mijn (1739-1783); Delacour (1739-1753);
Abel (1740-1790); Bampfylde (1740-1791); Grenville (1740-1769); Keyse (1740-1800); R
Pine (1740-1740); Rymsdyk (1740-1790); Wills (1740-1777); G Van
der Mijn (1741-1741); Craig (1742-1742); Jouffroy
(1742-1786); Jefferys (1743-1805);
Read (1743-1779); Dupan (1743-1763); Bermingham (1744-1774);
G Smith (1744-1783); Townshend (1744-1807); Astley (1745-1757);
Huquier (1745-1805); Cotes (1746-1770); Gainsborough
(1747-1788); Bartolozzi (1748-1815); Clayton (1748-1800);
R Barber (1748-1772); Béranger (1749-1817); Loir (1749-1753);
F Reynolds (1749-1807); Burch (1750-1814); Cipriani (1750-1785);
Manini (1750-1790); Pine (1750-1784); Sanders Sr (1750-1783);
Vispré (1750-1794); Hartington
(1751-1754); Pether (1751-1819);
Day (1752-1807); Dodd (1752-1780); S Pine (1752-1772); Hennezel
(1753-1810); S Cotes (1754-1818); Kettle
(1754-1786); G Romney
(1754-1802); Wright of Derby (1754-1797); Pillement
(1754-1772); Pichler (1754-1791); Beauclerk (1755-1808);
Dance-Holland (1755-1811); Davy (1755-1793); J Meyer (1755-1789);
C Barber (1756-1810); Harcourt (1756-1809);
Black (1757-1814); D Martin (1757-1775); Webster (1757-1796);
Beach (1758-1806); Buckinghamshire (1758-1816); Wolcot (1758-1819);
Zoffany (1758-1810); M Benwell (1759-1800); Lee (1759-1811);
J Taylor (1759-1838); Sisson (1759-1767); J Dixon (1760-1811);
Lonsdale (1760-1824); Lucan (1760-1814); Yorke (1760-1820);
Bellers (1761-1773); Dance (1761-1825); Gresse (1761-1794);
Hickey (1761-1824); Lewis (1761-1781);
Perronneau (1761-1773); M W Peters (1761-1814);
Scouler (1761-1812); Smart (1761-1811); E Smith (1761-1853);
Spicer (1761-1804); Maucourt (1761-1768); R Cosway (1762-1821);
Humphry (1762-1810); W Lawranson (1762-1783); Barret (1762-1784);
E H Abel (1763); Edwards (1763-1797); Greenwood (1763-1792); Milbourn (1763-1816);
Parry (1763-1791); Tichbourn (1763-1766); V Vispré (1763-1780);
B West (1763-1820); Liotard (1763-1775); Bloomfield (1764-1808);
W Chinnery (1764-1764); Dunkarton (1764-1810); M Hoare (1764-1820);
Holland (1764-1788); Parkinson (1764-1789); Pars (1764-1786);
Phillips (1764-1784); Stanley (1764-1769); Bertrand (1764-1800);
Hamilton (1764-1778); Jones (1765-1797); Okey (1765-1771);
Russell (1765-1806); Taylor (1765-1765);
Gn Hamilton (1765-1798); Du Parc (1766-1778); Keck (1766-1835);
Lane (1766-1819); Townley (1766-1800); Peale (1766-1769); Farington (1767-1821); Hutchison
(1767-1830); Longastre (1767-1806); Wheatley (1767-1801);
Kauffmann (1767-1782); Willison (1767-1774); Ashley (1768-1772);
Bonnet (1768-1793); Carmichael (1768-1820); Clapham (1768-1771);
Holloway (1768-1827); Kerrich (1768-1828);
Samuel (1768-1787); A Williams (1768-1783); Clarke (1768-1775);
Le Gru Perotti (1768-1776); Sturz (1768-1779); Zuccarelli
(1768-1777); Burgess (1769-1812); P E Falconet (1769-1791); Hubrichs
(1769-1769); Huddesford (1769-1809); Redmond (1769-1785); A Richardson
(1769-1776); Welsh (1769-1771); E Martin (1769-1780); Cunningham
(1770-1795); Dawe (1770-1790); Downman (1770-1824);
Engleheart (1770-1829); Foldsone (1770-1784); Gardner (1770-1805);
Jehner (1770-1806); W Martin (1770-1831); Sanders Jr (1770-1825);
Shelley (1770-1808); Shirreff (1770-1831);
Slater (1770-1805); Trotter (1770-1803); Barralet (1770-1779);
Lion (1770-1777); Caroline Mathilde (1771-1775);
Dighton (1771-1814); Griffin (1771-1778); Hailes (1771-1771);
W Hamilton (1771-1801); Isaacs (1771-1778); Rocca (1771-1772);
Sharples (1771-1811); Sherwin (1771-1790); J R Smith (1771-1812);
Bond (1772-1776); Crawley (1772-1772); Miles
(1772-1828); Villebrune
(1772-1783); Forbes (1772-1834); Grignion (1773-1781); Hardwick
(1773-1773); Henshaw (1773-1775); Hog (1773-1773); Ought (1773-1779);
Rising (1773-1817); Js Roberts (1773-1809); Van der Gucht (1773-1794);
Copley (1774-1815); G Dupont (1774-1797); Gooden (1774-1774);
Grafton (1774-1774); M Leignes (1774-1780); Stringer (1774-1806);
Bateman (1775-1785); Bell (1775-1825); Cunliffe (1775-1775);
Gravier (1775-1800); Hendriks (1775-1831); Hünnemann (1775-1793);
Shipley (1775-1806); Simpson (1775-1785); Cambruzzi (1775-1777);
P Hoare (1775-1834); Pye (1775-1781); Skorodumov (1775-1782);
G Stuart (1775-1828); Bilderdijk (1776-1797); Chapman (1776-1776); Forrest
(1776-1807); Goddard (1776-1783); J Leignes (1776-1780); Rowlandson (1776-1827); Townsend (1776-1782); Trumbull
(1776-1843); Perotti (1776-1793);
Vestier (1776-1824); Alefounder (1777-1794); Coote (1777-1801);
A Roberts (1777-1777); Skirving (1777-1783); Alves (1777-1779);
Hurter (1777-1782); Buckingham (1778-1812);
Châteaubourg (1778-1837); Hoppner
(1778-1810); Mead (1778-1778);
Moresby (1778-1778); Scott (1778-1810); R Watson (1778-1778); M Cosway (1779-1838);
Denys (1779-1779); Kean (1779-1823); King (1779-1787); Pack (1779-1840);
Daniel (1780-1803); Glanville (1780-1780); Halpin
(1780-1801); Harris (1780-1780); Hincks
(1780-1797); Morley (1780-1780); Murphy (1780-1814);
Pasquier (1780-1806); Tomkins (1780-1840); Hayter (1781-1835); Opie (1781-1807); Towne
(1781-1791); H Hone (1782-1825); W Lucas (1782-1780); Spencer
(1782-1831); Artaud (1783-1823); Beatson (1783-1839); Palmer
(1783-1790); Pope (1783-1835); Js Smith (1783-1784); Beechey
(1784-1834); J H Benwell (1784-1785); Borckhardt (1784-1825);
Byron (1784-1792); Hodges (1784-1788); Dunlap (1784-1787);
Drummond (1785-1844); Pringot (1785-1795); Saint-Michel (1785-1785);
Robertson (1786-1791); Singleton (1786-1839); Ward (1786-1826);
Fulton (1786-1815); K Prestel (1786-1794); Hazlitt (1787-1837);
Koster (1787-1831); Lock (1787-1847);
Schweickhardt (1787-1797); W M Craig (1788-1827); Edridge (1788-1821);
Flaxman (1788-1833); J Pine (1788-1788); Porter (1788-1802);
Shee (1788-1850); K A H Hess (1789-1849); La Houlière (1789-1800);
Lawrence (1789-1830); Tresham (1789-1814); Guttenbrunn
(1789-1793); Hollogan (1790-1809); Berczy
(1790-1792); Arishall (1791-1809); Hobday (1791-1831); Ducreux
(1791-1802); Mosnier (1791-1796); Savage (1791-1794); Arlaud
Jurine (1792-1801); Barbier (1792-1795); Danloux (1792-1809);
Schröder (1792-1793); N Becker (1793-1793); Ferrière (1793-1822);
Laurenty (1793-1834); Chinnery (1794-1852); Fitzpatrick
(1794-1841); Js Martin (1794-1794); Tonelli (1794-1797);
Buck (1795-1833); Chaceré (1795-1833); H Russell (1795-1849); Constable (1796-1837); Knight
(1796-1851); Seiffert (1796-1808); Chase (1797-1811); Masquerier
(1798-1855); A Russell (1799-1857); J Russell (1799-1810);
W Russell (1799-1870); J Webster (1800-1800);
Agasse (1800-1849); Malbone (1801-1807); R Peale (1801-1860);
Tott (1801-1804); Vigée Le Brun (1803-1805); Schipper
(1806-1830); F Dubois (1818-1819);
Langlois (1831-1845)
Maidstone
Pastellists: Jefferys (1743-1805)
Manchester
Pastellists: P Romney (1763-1777);
Pack (1779-1840); W M Craig (1788-1827)
Newcastle upon Tyne
Pastellists: Gray (1778-1819); Bewick (1780-1795)
Norfolk
Pastellists: M Dixon (1691-1710);
Townshend (1744-1807); Kerrich (1768-1828)
Northamptonshire
Pastellists: Creed (1662-1728)
Norwich
Pastellists: Heins (1717-1756);
Sanders Jr (1779-1781); Beechey (1784-1793)
Nottingham
Pastellists: Bonington (1785-1835)
Oxford
Pastellists: Prince (1722-1722);
Huddesford (1769-1809); Vaslet (1770-1780); Js Roberts (1784-1794)
Sheffield
Pastellists: J R Smith (1771-1812)
Shrewsbury
Pastellists: Huquier (1745-1805)
Suffolk
Pastellists: Gainsborough (1747-1788);
Coyte (1760-1810); G Dupont (1774-1797); Crase (1790-1790); Constable (1796-1837)
Titchfield
Pastellists: Porter (1784-1784)
Wimborne
Pastellists: Pickard (1786-1844)
Worcestershire
Pastellists: Eccles (1771-1777)
York
Pastellists: Gyles
(1666-1709); Place (1667-1728);
Lumley (1703-1716); Vaslet (1762-1808); J R Smith
(1771-1812); Agnetta (1774-1774)
Yorkshire
Pastellists: G
Copley (1673-1709); Thoresby (1678-1724)
Pastellists: Eklund (1757-1802)
Pastellists: Faithorne (1650-1691); Neer (1654-1703); Dahl (1676-1743); Brownover (1678-1678); Kelly (1740-1775); Czapski (1745-1792); Cabart (1750-1800); Marraud (1750-1850); Sisson (1750-1767); Verriere (1750-1775); Boynet (1751-1751); Cailleau (1751-1784); Jogues (1760-1760); Maignan (1760-1760); Benneville (1764-1764); Mabile (1767-1767); J B J Laurent (1774-1774); Cha… (1775-1775); Serin (1775-1800); C D F Bach (1776-1829); Lourvoyer (1776-1776); J Carpentier (1777-1777); M Cosway (1779-1838); Langres (1780-1780); Belleporey (1787-1787); T F Guérin (1787-1829); Monogrammist RG (1789-1789); Ch…nier (1790-1790); Longastre (1790-1806); N Moreau (1790-1790); Farous (1792-1792); Petit (1795-1795); Seiffert (1796-1808); Catel (1798-1856)
Abbeville
Pastellists: Perronneau (1767-1770)
Aix-en-Provence
An école de dessin was established in 1765 with funds from the duc de Villars; Arnulphy was appointed assistant director.
Pastellists: Vialy (1700-1770);
Arnulphy (1717-1786); J B Van Loo (1742-1745); C A P Van Loo (1744-1795); Grégoire (1771-1846)
Alès
Pastellists: Boze (1765-1826)
Amboise
Pastellists: Leonardo
(1472-1519); H Beaubrun
(1623-1677); C Beaubrun (1624-1692)
Amiens
An Académie was established in 1758.
Pastellists: Lorge (1786-1786)
Angers
Pastellists: Lusse (1775-1776);
Picard (1777-1777)
Arles
Pastellists: Raspal (1758-1811)
Arras
Pastellists: Hauer (1771-1829);
Boilly (1779-1845)
Auteuil
Pastellists: Condorcet (1784-1822)
Avignon
Pastellists: N Mignard (1637-1668); Mignard (1657-1695); Borelly
(1700-1750); J B Colson (1706-1762); Balechou (1734-1764); Sicard
(1738-1796); Arnavon (1757-1820); Pillement (1775-1808);
Chantron (1791-1842)
Bayeux
Pastellists: Rupally (1766-1799);
Delaunay (1779-1789)
Beaune
Pastellists: Coquelet-Souville
(1758-1758)
Beauvais
Pastellists: Oudry (1706-1755)
Belley
Pastellists: Petitot (1800-1844)
Besançon
Wyrsch established the École de peinture et de dessin under the patronage of M. de Lacoré; courses commenced in 1774. Lenoir succeeded
Wyrsch in 1786, the intendant demanding "un artiste de réelle valeur"; however the school was never raised to the level of académie. The school
received a new lease of life when Jourdain took over in 1807.
Lit.: Castan 1888
Pastellists: Wyrsch (1752-1774);
Jourdain (1765-1815); J A Cornu (1775-1807); Chazerand (1777–1795); Mouton (1785-1831);
Lenoir (1786-1789); Vauban (1793–1809); Paillot (1807-1814)
Blois
Pastellists: Gribelin (1641-1661)
Bonnac
Pastellists: Bonnac (1768-1778)
Bordeaux
The Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture de Bordeaux was established in 1691 but became inactive c.1709. A new Académie de peinture, sculpture et architecture civile et navale was established in 1768, with founder members including Batanchon, the first recteur, and Dambielle; the amateur Lienau also played a role in establishing the statutes. Exhibitions were held between 1771 and 1787. It received a royal patent in 1779.
Pastellists: Sicard (1738-1796);
Thomire (1744-1808); Corrège (1753-1792); Perronneau (1756-1770);
Batanchon (1759-1812); Sicardi (1763-1774); Lacour
(1765-1814); Dambielle
(1768-1771); La Taurre (1769-1769); Chevaux (1773-1786); Henri
(1773-1780); Lonsing (1783-1799); Beaucourt (1784-1794); Boudoux
(1784-1786); Rolland (1785-1785); Wertmüller
(1788-1790); Mme Bonnet
(1790-1790); P E Gautier-Dagoty (1795-1871)
Bourg
Pastellists: Petitot (1800-1844)
Brest
Pastellists: Caffieri (1756-1779)
Calais
Pastellists: Crochez (1758-1778)
Cambrai
The local guild of painters jealously guarded their monopoly, as the pastellist Gossuin discovered.
Pastellists: Birochon (1724-1724);
Gossuin (1739-1739)
Carcassone
Pastellists: Gamelin (1758-1803)
Carpentras
Pastellists: Peyrotte (1719-1769);
Duplessis (1745-1802)
Châlons-en-Champagne
Pastellists: La Touche Loisi
(1714-1781); J B Berain (1756-1789); Poterlet (1800-1800)
Chalon-sur-Saône
Pastellists: Denon (1767-1825)
Chambéry
Pastellists: Grasson (1766-1825)
Chambourcy
Pastellists: Clédat (1794-1800)
Chantilly
Pastellists: R Moreau (1690-1700); Carmontelle (1737-1806); Lenoir (1749-1791); Dsse de Bourbon
(1770-1822); N Dubois (1779-1779)
Chartres
Pastellists: Maillard (1760-1801);
Perinet (1764-1824); Sergent-Marceau (1771-1847)
Choisy-le-Roi
Pastellists: Voiart (1811-1840)
Clermont-Ferrand
A drawings school was established by Gault de Saint-Germain; Degeorge studied there from 1793.
Pastellists: Clary (1760-1789);
N Morel (1775-1800); A Gault de Saint-Germain (1792-1832); P M Gault de Saint-Germain (1792-1842); Vérand (1795-1807); Degeorge (1806-1854)
Coutances
Pastellists: Asselin (1791-1803)
Dijon
The Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de Dijon was established in 1765; Greuze was among its members. The École de dessin founded by Devosge in 1767 produced numerous pastellists.
Pastellists: J B Colson (1706-1762);
Kraus (1725-1752); J F Colson (1753-1803); Cellerier (1763-1814);
Desangles (1769-1785); Hoin (1770-1776); Lemort (1770-1795);
Allotte (1771-1791); Avene (1771-1771); Gendarme (1771-1772);
Gilbert (1771-1773); Larché (1771-1775); Bienvenu (1772-1775);
Feuchot (1772-1797); Naigeon (1773-1832); Thonesse (1775-1838);
B Gagnereaux (1776-1795); Prud'hon (1778-1780); N Dubois
(1779-1779); Dubourg (1780-1783); Dubuisson (1784-1784);
J B Gagnereaux (1785-1846); Petitot (1789-1789); Saint-Mémin
(1790-1852); Paillot (1795-1814)
Douai
Pastellists: Heinsius
(1760-1812); Boilly (1781-1845)
Duhort-Bachen (Landes)
Pastellists: Du Buisson (1675-1681)
Dunkerque
Pastellists: Senave (1778-1823)
Écouen
The first Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur was established by Napoléon in 1807 along the lines of Saint-Cyr. Mme Campan was headmistress, with Mme Swagers as drawings teacher.
Pastellists: Swagers (1800-1837)
Épinal
Pastellists: Charles (1681-1747)
Ermenonville
Pastellists: G F Meyer (1755-1779)
Évreux
Pastellists: Sixc (1746-1780);
Queijsen (1775-1831); Queulvée (1784-1812)
Ferney
Pastellists: Boufflers (1765-1815);
Pasquier (1771-1806); Barat (1775-1787)
Fontainebleau
Pastellists: J
Dubois (1624-1676); N Mignard
(1626-1668); Peyrotte (1719-1769)
Gray
Pastellists: Prud'hon (1794-1796)
Grenoble
Pastellists: J B Colson (1706-1762);
Lusse (1793-1833)
Haguenau
Pastellists: Boos (1803-1807)
La Rochelle
Pastellists: Jouffroy
(1742-1786); N Martin (1750-1790);
J B Berain (1769-1789); Rainteau (1769-1773); Brard (1770-1800);
Yvon (1770-1800); Brossard de Beaulieu (1775-1835); Lusse (1776-1785);
Mlle Berain (1777-1838); Micheau (1778-1778); Leroy (1781-1781);
Chemin (1785-1785); Luché (1786-1786); Caussé (1790-1790); F Gonord (1791-1822)
Landèves
Pastellists: Du Buisson (1681-1710)
Le Puy-en-Velay
Pastellists: Grasson (1775-1825)
Le Quesnoy
Pastellists: Gossuin (1730-1739)
Les Andelys
Pastellists: Rupally (1766-1799)
Les Riceys
Pastellists: Valdenuit (1783-1846)
Libourne
Pastellists: Chaperon (1752-1793)
Lille
An École gratuite de dessein was established in 1755, closely followed by schools of architecture and mathematics. Watteau de Lille was the best-kown teacher; it numbered Dupont-Watteau, Masquelier, Jacquerie and Dusillion among its students. An Académie des arts was established in due course, with a grande salle built in 1766; here annual salons were held between 1773 and 1788. There were strict rules for admission and submitting morceaux de réception (v. Lemoine).
Pastellists: C Noël (1748-1798);
Heems (1750-1806); D'Achon (1755-1755); Dusillion (1760-1788); Heinsius (1771-1774); Helant
(1772-1837); Lemoine de Lille (1773-1774);
Masquelier (1773-1811); Bosse (1774-1776); Jacquerie (1774-1806);
Watteau de Lille (1774-1823); Brossard de Beaulieu (1775-1835);
Dupont (1776-1821); Jehner (1778-1806); F
Gonord (1786-1822); Lancel
l'aîné (1787-1787); Longchamp (1787-1799); Vanderlept (1788-1788)
Longwy
Pastellists: Voiart (1777-1840)
Lunéville
Pastellists: G
de La Tour (1613-1652); Van Schuppen (1707-1712); Rönnow (1737-1787); Stanislaw (1738-1766);
Boufflers (1758-1815)
Lyon
The first regional French institution established on the model of the Paris Académie, an académie de peinture was established in 1676 on the
initiative of Thomas Blanchet with support from Coysevox. The Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon was formed by the merger of
two earlier societies in 1758, and dissolved in 1793. A salon was held in 1786. Members included Barat and Lonsing.
An École royale gratuite de Lyon or École publique de dessin ran between 1756 and 1793 and enjoyed the patronage of
Jacques de Flesselles, intendant de Lyon; Nonnotte was its leading light. Berjon, leader of the Lyon flower painters, taught there.
Pastellists: F Stella (1626-1660);
F B Stella (1648-1692); C B Stella (1656-1697); J B Colson (1706-1762);
Liotard (1722-1789); Kraus (1725-1743); Nonotte (1728-1785);
Loir (1741-1785); Lasalle (1743-1804); Pillement (1743-1743);
Duflos (1746-1746); Pillement (1748-1808); Audibert (1750-1775);
Duplessis (1752-1802); J F Colson (1753-1803); Frontier (1756-1763);
Barat (1759-1775); Perronneau (1759-1773); Charton (1767-1789);
Hoin (1770-1817); Grégoire (1771-1846); Berjon (1774-1843);
Galtier (1775-1800); Lonsing (1778-1799); Wertmüller
(1780-1782); Dubourg
(1783-1800); Chevaux (1786-1786)
Mâcon
Pastellists: Petitot (1800-1844)
Marseille
The Académie de peinture et sculpture de Marseille was established in 1753; its founders included Kapeller, who was directeur-recteur from 1771, succeeded by Coclers
van Wyck. Bachelier became directeur perpétuel. Associates included Marianne Loir and Arnulphy in 1783.
Pastellists: La Touche Loisi
(1714-1781); Arnulphy (1717-1786); Kapeller (1722-1790); Bernard (1724-1777);
M Loir (1735-1779); Bachelier (1744-1806); Duparc
(1746-1778); Lemoine de
Marseille (1753-1753); Coclers van Wyck (1758-1804);
Barat (1759-1787); Bounieu (1760-1767); Boze (1765-1826);
Le Gillon (1768-1770); Van der Donckt (1780-1814)
Metz
Pastellists: Mansuy (1756-1779)
Montargis
Pastellists: Ravault (1786-1845)
Montauban
Pastellists: Js Vialètes (1740-1772);
P J Vialètes (1786-1849)
Montbard
Pastellists: Buffon (1754-1825)
Montélimar
Pastellists: Grasson (1766-1825);
Saulces de Freycinet (1776-1841)
Montpellier
The Société des Beaux-Arts de Montpellier was formed in 1779 (Villiers was among some thirty associés fondateurs); it arranged exhibitions (in 1779 and 1784) and
provided teaching and prizes. The vicomte de Saint-Priest was président and lent a number of pictures to the 1779 salon. Gamelin was appointed directeur in 1780, but soon
resigned. Financial difficulties also contributed to its demise in 1787.
Pastellists: Villiers (1774-1837);
Dumas (1775-1793); Gamelin (1780-1803); Vauthier (1783-1818);
Borely (1796-1823); Tissié-Sarrus (1800-1866)
Mulhouse
Pastellists: Wachsmuth (1800-1833)
Nancy
The Académie de peinture et de sculpture was established in 1702 by Leopold Ier and was run by Claude Charles until its closure in 1737. It was revived by Stanislaw Leszczynski. During the revolution it was suppressed and its collections transferred to the musée de Nancy.
Pastellists: Charles (1681-1747);
Senémont (1740-1782); Jouffroy
(1742-1786); Mansuy (1745-1756);
Huin (1753-1757); Ducreux (1755-1760); Thiballier
(1758-1758); Bayard (1769-1772); Durand (1783-1783)
Nantes
An École publique et gratuite de dessin was established in 1757, run by Volaire père who gave lessons to "tous ceux qui se présentent, rue de Briard". Hussard became director in 1791.
Pastellists: Barré (1767-1793);
Hussard (1769-1827); Châteaubourg (1778-1837); Sablet (1805-1819)
Narbonne
Pastellists: Gamelin (1781-1796)
Nîmes
The Académie, founded in 1682, was primarily devoted to local history, but commissioned portraits such as that of its secrétaire Séguier made by Barat.
Pastellists: Boze (1765-1826);
Barat (1778-1787)
Orléans
Pastellists: Perronneau (1770-1783);
Boissier (1780-1833); Peynaud (1791-1829)
Paris
The Académie de Saint-Luc, a community or craft guild of painters and sculptors, was incorporated in 1391. The rival Académie royale de
peinture was founded in 1648 by Le Brun, who was recteur and chancelier; it received a royal warrant in 1655. There were initial discussions
about merging the two bodies, but these broke down in 1654 and the two bodies remained in conflict. Mignard, premier peintre du roi, recteur,
chancelier and directeur of the Académie de Saint-Luc, refused to enter his rival Le Brun's Académie royale. Both bodies held public
exhibitions: the Salons of the Académie royale were held regularly in the Louvre from 1737 on, while the seven salons of the Académie de
Saint-Luc were held between 1751 and 1774, shortly before its dissolution (under pressure from the more influential Académie royale) in 1776.
Both portraiture (some 50%) and pastels (up to 25%) in particular represented higher proportions of the works exhibited at the Salons de
Saint-Luc than at the Louvre, reflecting the more vocational role of its artists.
Membership of the humbler institution was also significantly larger: the Annuaire de 1764 listed the protecteur and vice-protecteur,
four directeurs, six recteurs (half painters, half sculptors), 36 active and 34 retired professeurs, 821 maîtres (who included artisans, house painters and decorators
as well as artists), 11 widows of former directors,
91 widows and 97 "demoiselles" (presumably dependant daughters of decesaed members) making up a total community of 1140 names. By 1786, despite
the dissolution, another list indicated 239 new maîtres since 1771, 741 previously listed "maîtres, veuves et demoiselles", 33 specialised
maîtres, and "une quarantaine de demoiselles peintres." The Almanach royal for 1766 listed at the Académie royale 1 protecteur, 7 actual,
associate and former directeurs, recteurs; 8 honoraires amateurs and 9 honoraires associés libres; 21 professeurs and associates; 11 conseillers;
47 academicians. Of these only Mme Vien was female.
After the suppression of the Salons de Saint-Luc, the need for
an outlet for younger artists was filled by a succession of ephemeral salons, among them the salons de la Jeunesse, held in the place Dauphine;
the salon du Colisée in 1776; and Pahin de La Blancherie's Salon de la Correspondance with its accompanying Nouvelles de la république des
lettres et des arts.
The Académie royale had a strong teaching function, dominated by the École royale des élèves protégés with influential teachers such as
Vien; annual prizes were awarded. There were a number of other drawings schools in Paris, among them the École de la rue Montmartre, where
Vien taught David, and the École gratuite de dessin founded by Bachelier in 1765. A number of other specialised institutions taught drawing,
and trained or employed pastellists: among them were the École des ponts et chaussées (founded 1747, directed by Jean-Rodolphe Perronet until
1794); the Institution des sourds-muets (founded by the abbé de l'Épée c.1760); and the Manufacture royale des Gobelins (founded under François
Ier; Le Brun established an école de modèle vivant, suppressed in 1792). The Bâtiments du roi and Menus plaisirs employed pastellists.
Pastellists: Perréal
(1475-1530); P Quesnel (1523-1580); Clouet (1536-1572); F Quesnel
(1563-1619); P Dumonstier I (1565-1625); Foullon (1570-1612); Biard (1579-1609); D
Dumonstier (1594-1646); Rubens (1597-1640); Lagneau (1600-1650);
P Dumonstier II (1605-1656); Lasne (1610-1667); Mellan (1618-1688); Louis XIII (1621-1643);
H Beaubrun (1623-1677); C Beaubrun (1624-1692); F Stella (1626-1660);
Mme Vouet (1627-1638); Vouet (1627-1649); N
Dumonstier (1632-1667); Lenfant
(1635-1674); Dorigny (1637-1665);
Guillain (1638-1638); Le
Brun (1639-1690); Poussin
(1640-1665); M Merian (1641-1687);
Nanteuil (1643-1678); Paillet
(1646-1701); F B Stella
(1648-1692); J B Champaigne (1651-1681); Plattemontagne
(1651-1706); A Benoist (1652-1717);
Garnier (1652-1705); B Vaillant (1652-1664); Forest (1655-1712);
La Fosse (1656-1716); Masson (1656-1700); C B Stella (1656-1697); Mignard (1657-1695); L
R Vouet (1657-1675); W Vaillant (1659-1665); La Hyre (1660-1718);
N Mignard (1660-1668); Hainzelmann
(1661-1693); Joubert (1663-1707);
G L Bernini (1665-1680); Verselin (1666-1718); Chéron (1668-1711);
Patel (1668-1707); Boel (1668-1674); Jouvenet (1669-1717); Simon
(1670-1710); Cany (1671-1693); Santerre
(1671-1717); Verdier (1671-1730);
Tempesti (1675-1737); Largillierre
(1676-1746); Klingstedt (1677-1734); Vivien
(1677-1734); Tilson (1680-1695); Charles (1681-1747); Coypel
A (1681-1722); Rivalz (1685-1735); Vleughels (1688-1737);
Dulin (1689-1748); Allou (1690-1751); Van
Schuppen (1690-1707); M
Des Angles (1692-1741); Belle (1694-1734); Chaufourier (1695-1757);
Mme Doublet (1697-1768); Raoux
(1697-1734); Troy (1699-1738);
Cole (1699-1735); Jervas (1699-1739); H J Aubry (1700-1800);
Carlier (1700-1750); Foacier (1700-1736); Silvestre (1700-1716);
Vialy (1700-1770); Lamy (1703–1743); Le Bouteux (1703-1750); Pesne (1703-1713);
J B Van Loo (1704-1745); Mérelle
père (1705-1773); Nattier
(1705-1766); Oudry (1706-1755); Robert de Séry (1706-1733);
J B Colson (1706-1762); Massé
(1707-1767); Lemoyne
(1708-1737); Parrocel (1708-1752);
J A Arlaud (1708-1725); N
NCoypel (1710-1734); Mme Oudry (1710-1780); Restout (1712-1768);
G Cornu (1713-1763); Coypel (1714-1752); Portail
(1715-1759); Tocqué (1716-1772); Millet
(1717-1777); Lundberg (1717-1749); Ricci (1717-1718); H
Van der Mijn (1718-1721); Chardin (1719-1779); H Drouais
(1719-1767); J L Lambert (1719-1742); Peyrotte (1719-1769); Subleyras (1719-1728); M
Aubert (1720-1757); Barrère (1720-1778); Fiedler (1720-1724);
Carriera (1720-1721); Basseporte (1721-1780); Frontier (1721-1763);
Aved (1722-1766); Boucher (1723-1770); Trémolières (1723-1739);
Liotard (1723-1772); C Van Loo (1723-1727); La Tour
(1724-1788); Lemaire (1724-1753); Sixc (1724-1746); Kraus
(1725-1752); Allais (1726-1760); Charlier (1726-1790);
Favray (1726-1738); Pond (1726-1758); Siriès (1726-1732);
Nonotte (1728-1754); M M Silvestre (1728-1797); Rönnow (1728-1735);
Chantereau (1730-1757); Frédou (1730-1795); Js F Gautier-Dagoty
(1730-1781); Guélard (1730-1730); A F Laurent (1730-1747);
Niert (1730-1744); Valade (1730-1787); Natoire (1730-1777);
J Natoire (1730-1776); L Doublet (1731-1764);
Hallé (1731-1781); Boudard (1732-1732); Chevalier (1732-1776);
Dupan (1732-1763); Mme François
(1732-1773); Grillet (1732-1752);
Loir (1732-1785); G F Schmidt (1732-1744); Voiriot
(1732-1799); Duflos (1733-1746); Mérelle fils (1733-1782);
Vincent de Montpetit (1733-1800); Neilson (1734-1788); Neilson (1734-1788);
Pierre (1734-1789); Balechou (1734-1753); L F Aubry I (1735-1755); Cochin (1735-1790); Dompierre
(1735-1771); M Loir (1735-1779); Marteau (1735-1804);
Perronneau (1735-1783); Soldini (1735-1780); Vigée (1735-1767);
Bonnac (1736-1778); Le Sueur (1736-1748); Vien
(1736-1809); Carmontelle (1737-1806); Clermont
(1737-1807); Le Comte (1737-1800); Guillibaud (1738-1799); Handmann
(1738-1781); Maucourt (1738-1748); A Roslin (1738-1793);
Blakey (1739-1758); Tessin (1739-1742);
Abel (1740-1790); Antiquus (1740-1750); L Aubert (1740-1798);
Eisen (1740-1778); Hörling (1740-1786); Imbert (1740-1787); J
C Oudry (1740-1778); Knobelsdorff (1740-1753); Clérisseau (1741-1820); Delafosse (1741-1806); Jouffroy
(1742-1786); J H Tischbein
(1742-1789); Badu (1743-1743); Baudouin (1743-1769); Glain
(1743-1787); Lefèvre (1743-1779); Bachelier (1744-1806);
J B Berain (1744-1789); Louvier (1744-1764); G Saint-Aubin (1744-1780);
G Smith (1744-1783); Vanome
(1744-1764); Forcalquier
(1745-1814); Greuze (1745-1805); F Guérin (1745-1791);
Huquier (1745-1770); J A Peters (1745-1795); Read
(1745-1779); C A P Van Loo
(1745-1795); F E Vincent (1745-1790); Gaineau
(1746-1766); Jardinier (1746-1771); Le Mettais (1746-1759); Casanova
(1747-1802); F H Drouais (1747-1775); C Saint-Aubin (1747-1805);
Saint-Non (1747-1791); Bernard (1748-1777); Dorly (1748-1753);
C Noël (1748-1798); Pillement (1748-1808); Pillement
(1748-1808); Ansiaume (1749-1786); Demarteau (1749-1776);
Deshays (1749-1765); Lantara
(1749-1778); Lenoir (1749-1791);
Lion (1749-1809); Taraval (1749-1785); Bréhan (1750-1813);
Cherfils (1750-1771); J Fontaine
(1750-1750); Garand (1750-1780); Maurice
(1750-1820); Pichard (1750-1800); Pougin de Saint-Aubin (1750-1783);
Beauvarlet (1751-1797); Pasquier (1751-1806); Renou (1751-1806);
Saint-Martin (1751-1756); F
Vincent (1751-1751); Briancourt
(1752-1767); F B Deshays (1752-1815); Duplessis (1752-1802);
Fragonard (1752-1806); Hainault
(1752-1775); J B Restout
(1752-1797); Roussel (1752-1758); Baldrighi (1752-1756);
Bornet (1753-1804); Briard (1753–1777); J F Colson (1753-1803); Corrège (1753-1792);
Durameau (1753-1796); Grimod de La Reynière (1753-1793); Hennezel
(1753-1810); Lorge (1753-1786);
Vernezobre (1753-1777); Caresme (1754-1796); Courtois (1754-1806);
Hurter (1754-1799); Leprince (1754-1781); M S Roslin (1754-1772);
Frey (1754-1777); Wihl (1754); Armancourt
(1755-1795); Ducreux
(1755-1802); T Duvivier
(1755-1814); P Gonord (1755-1777);
Lépicié (1755-1784); C Mercier (1755-1758); G F Meyer (1755-1779);
Nicolet (1755-1774); Rabillon (1755-1786); Sompsois (1755-1797);
Barat (1756-1787); Bonnet (1756-1793); Doré (1756-1756);
Monperin (1756-1776); A Saint-Aubin (1756-1807); Saint-Michel
(1756-1785); Schenau (1756-1770); Navarre (1757-1795);
Als (1757-1762); Pasch (1757-1805); Zick (1757-1797); Antoine
(1758-1778); Boufflers (1758-1815);
Clodion (1758-1814); Coquelet-Souville (1758-1758); Fossier (1758-1775); J J F Le Barbier (1758-1826); Moreau le jeune (1758-1814); Ravenel (1758-1788);
Saint-Quentin (1758-1785); Valentin (1758-1772); Alves (1758-1765);
Bolomey (1758-1819); Eckard (1758-1809); Wertmüller
(1758-1787); Batanchon (1759-1812); Bréa (1759-1820);
Caze (1759-1759); Lagrenée
le jeune (1759-1821); J
P Morel (1759-1773); Musson (1759-1799); Ozanne (1759-1797); Ranson
(1759-1803); Regnault (1759-1765); Aberli (1759-1786); Zingg (1759-1816);
Bertrand (1760-1800); Bounieu (1760-1814); Deschamps (1760-1760);
J B A Gautier-Dagoty (1760-1786); Jn F Gautier-Dagoty (1760-1760);
J A Gros (1760-1786); Losenko (1760-1766); E Martin (1760-1818); Privée (1760-1760);
Raspal (1760-1811); Vestier (1760-1824); Caffieri (1760-1764);
Huin (1760-1783); Callet (1761-1823); Caron (1761-1767); Carrón (a.1761);
P E Falconet (1761-1791); Kucharski (1761-1819); Masquelier
(1761-1811); Porporati (1761-1773); Gamelin (1761-1763); Cunningham
(1762-1795); Mannlich (1762-1767); Cellerier (1763-1814);
Mlle Durand (1763-1777); Godefroy (1763-1819); J L Le Barbier (1763-1789);
Mosnier (1763-1808); M Parrocel
(1763-1824); J C D Van Loo (1763-1821); Davesne
(1764-1796); Marne (1764-1829); Perinet (1764-1824); Saint-Jean
(1764-1774); Vallayer-Coster (1764-1818); Voille (1764-1768);
Alphen (1764-1772); Ferrière (1764-1770); Høyer (1764-1766);
Monpeur (1764-1791); Carpentier (1765-1776); Mme Fragonard (1765-1823);
E Gautier-Dagoty (1765-1783); Huët (1765-1811); Juel
(1765-1802); Lacour (1765-1814); Naudin (1765-1786); Sablet (1765-1819); Trinquesse (1765-1800); Freudenberger (1765-1801); Therbusch (1765-1768);
L C Gautier-Dagoty (1766-1787); Grétry (1766-1807); Hall (1766-1793); N F Regnault (1766-1810); F A Vincent (1766-1816); Denon (1767-1825); F Gautier-Dagoty (1767-1784); Ingouf (1767-1812); Médard
(1767-1772); Montjoie (1767-1797); Prévost (1767-1807);
Sené (1767-1804); Sprote (1767-1767); Touzé (1767-1809); Weyler
(1767-1791); Arlaud Jurine (1767-1772); Le Gillon (1767-1797);
David (1768-1825); Graincourt (1768-1823); Kymli (1768-1813);
Lallié (1768-1810); M Lambert (1768-1787); Le Pourvoyer (1768-1776);
Le Prince (1768-1768); Wille (1768-1821); Numan (1768-1820); Saint-Ours
(1768-1809); Sturz (1768-1779); Mse de Boufflers (1769-1827);
Desangles (1769-1785); Labille-Guiard (1769-1803); Mouchet
(1769-1814); Roger (1769-1804); Kranzinger (1769-1772); Xavery
(1769-1769); Dsse de Bourbon (1770-1822);
Brard (1770-1770); Cezeron (1770-1770); Dubourg (1770-1800); Mme Gros (1770-1831); Schilly
(1770-1770); Van Spaendonck (1770-1822); Duhamel (1771-1786);
Dumont (1771-1831); Grégoire (1771-1846); Hauer (1771-1829);
N Lefèvre (1771-1791); J A M Lemoine (1771-1824); Pigalle (1771-1827);
Rupelvoër (1771-1771); Sergent-Marceau (1771-1847); Charrière
(1771-1805); J H Schmidt (1771-1829); Favart (1772-1808);
Filleul (1772-1794); Hébert
(1772-1772); Henri (1772-1780);
Hoin (1772-1817); Houdon (1772-1772);
A Noël (1772-1834); Stouf (1772-1826); Texier (1772-1772);
Kerrich (1772-1828); Danloux (1773-1809); Langlois (1773-1824); Lusurier (1773-1781); Périn-Salbreux
(1773-1817); M Saint-Aubin (1773-1822); Vitry (1773-1773);
Böttner (1773-1805); Bocquet (1774-1774); Bosse (1774-1776); Chretien (1774-1811); Delafue
(1774-1776); P M Gault de Saint-Germain
(1774-1842); Mme Glain (1774-1782);
M E Lemoine (1774-1774); M V Lemoine (1774-1820); Mauperin
(1774-1801); J B Regnault (1774-1829); Roques
(1774-1847); Sicardi (1774-1825); Watteau de Lille (1774-1823);
Brossard de Beaulieu (1775-1835); Clemens (1775-1791); J A Cornu
(1775-1807); Debucourt (1775-1832); Fabre d'Eglantine (1775-1794);
Garneray (1775-1837); Marie-Antoinette (1775-1793); Vigée
Le Brun (1775-1842); M W Peters (1775-1784); Mlle Berain
(1776-1777); Brion de La Tour (1776-1823); F
Gonord (1776-1822); Jacquotin
(1776-1776); R Lefèvre (1776-1830); Langlois (1777-1845); Lusse (1777-1833);
Naigeon (1777-1832); Mlle Allais
(1778-1786); Boze (1778-1826); Châteaubourg (1778-1837);
Dulongpré (1778-1778); Gounod (1778-1823); Lavoisier (1778-1836);
Prud'hon (1778-1823); Salmon (1778-1776); Tott (1778-1840);
C Vernet (1778-1836); Baillairgé (1778-1781); Senave (1778-1823); Augustin (1779-1832); Dessave
(1779-1779); N Dubois (1779-1779); H J François (1779-1814); Heinsius (1779-1812); Mallet
(1779-1835); Clédat (1780-1800); Coutellier (1780-1800); A
Gault de Saint-Germain (1780-1832); Noireterre (1780-1823);
Petit de Villeneuve (1780-1824); Fredriks (1780-1822); Legendre
(1780-1782); J F A Tischbein (1780-1812); Aubert (1781-1781);
Barbier (1781-1828); Capet (1781-1818); Chatelain (1781-1781);
R Ducreux (1781-1802); J B Fouquet (1781-1799); Fragnière (1781-1781);
Frémy (1781-1783); M Gérard (1781-1837); J Le Brun (1781-1819);
Le Monnier (1781-1853); Lebreton (1781-1834); S Petit (1781-1797);
Vauthier (1781-1818); Vien fils
(1781-1848); Rondot (1781-1783);
Bouliar (1782-1825); C Greuze (1782-1842); Regnault-Delalande
(1782-1824); Van der Donckt
(1782-1785); Alexandre (1783-1786); Avril (1783-1783); Carle (1783-1783); Carreaux de Rosemond (1783-1788); Dabos (1783-1842); Gordrain
(1783-1783); Marchais (1783-1859);
Boilly (1784-1845); Byron (1784-1792);
Condorcet (1784-1822); Des Fossez (1784-1848);
Dubuisson (1784-1784); Mlle Falconnet (1785-1785); Vasset (1785-1791);
Verrier (1785-1802); Barrois (1786-1800); Brow (1786-1786); A
Duvivier (1786-1822); Laurenty (1786-1834); Jne Martin (1786-1788);
Massol (1786-1819); Agasse (1786-1789); Deramm (1786-1789); K
C Riedel (1786-1838); Staël (1786-1817); L F Aubry II (1787-1851);
Chamand (1787-1787); Charpentier
(1787-1849); Girodet (1787-1824); Guttenbrunn (1787-1787); Isabey (1787-1855); La
Perche (1787-1800); Ledoux (1787-1840); Riesener (1787-1828); M N Vestier (1787-1846);
Brun (1787-1815); Hallez (1787-1840); Schweickhardt (1787-1797);
Mme Benoist (1788-1826); Duplay (1788-1832); Mlle Hubert (1788-1792);
Lambert (1788-1788); Mlle Lambert (1788-1788); Monet (1788-1795);
Parant (1788-1851); Vérité
(1788-1805); Simanowitz
(1788-1791); Royer (1789-1789); Masquerier (1789-1800);
Chalot (1790-1810); Gérard
(1790-1837); Saint-Mémin
(1790-1852); Saint-Mémin (1790-1791); Delaperche (1791-1843);
Jouette (1791-1797); Peynaud (1791-1829); Rosalie (1791-1791);
Taré (1791-1799); Berjon (1791-1810); M L Arlaud (1792-1845);
Maussion (1792-1851); Brandon (1793-1793); Naudet (1793-1810);
Rougemont (1793-1793); Bauzil (1793-1820); Mayer (1794-1821);
Chaceré (1795-1833); F Dubois (1795-1820); Duhan (1795-1795);
Schipper (1795-1830); Swagers (1795-1837); Mlle Vincent de
Montpetit (1795-1795); Borely (1796-1823); A C Ducreux (1796-1843);
Grass (1796-1814); Sparrgren (1796-1803); Châtillon (1797-1844);
Godefroid (1798-1849); Saint (1798-1847); Longchamp (1799-1799);
Unger (1799-1812); Jagemann (1800-1820); Liernur (1801-1802);
Degeorge (1802-1854); Tonelli (1806-1846)
Pau
Pastellists: M Loir (1735-1779);
Loir (1772-1779)
Penthemont
The abbaye included a girls' school for the nobility; several pupils received lessons from Jean-Baptiste Antoine (q.v.).
Poitiers
The École royale-académique de peinture held exhibitions in 1776 and 1777.
Pastellists: Carpentier (1776-1777)
Pontarlier
Pastellists: Jouffroy
(1742-1786)
Quimper
Pastellists: Conen de Saint-Luc
(1781-1794)
Reims
An École académique was established in 1677. Clermont, dit Ganif taught at the drawings school from 1762.
Pastellists: Martilly (1750-1750);
Savart (1755-1801); Clermont (1762-1807); Périn-Salbreux (1773-1817);
Desporte (1786-1786)
Ribeauvillé
Pastellists: Kcefs (1773-1773)
Rouen
The Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts received letters patent in 1744. It played a less significant role than École royale, gratuite et académique de dessin, de peinture, de sculpture et d'architecture founded by Descamps on an Enlightenment model, influenced also by the Dublin Society schools; it was officially recognised in 1749, and was responsible for the education of hundreds of artists.
Pastellists: Jouvenet (1669-1717);
P Gonord (1755-1777); Heinsius
(1760-1812); J M Lemoine
(1760-1803); Le Gillon (1760-1797); Lesuire (1762-1791); J L Le
Barbier (1763-1789); Rupally (1766-1799); Hoin (1770-1817);
J A M Lemoine (1771-1824); F
Gonord (1776-1822)
Saint-Agrève
Pastellists: Grasson (1774-1825)
Saintes
Pastellists: Lusse (1797-1804)
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Pastellists: Chaufourier (1695-1757);
Crommelin (1750-1815)
Saint-Malo
An École gratuite de dessin was in existence by 1789; Peynaud was directeur for some 18 years.
Pastellists: Bernard (1753); Peynaud (1791-1829)
Saint-Omer
Pastellists: Bernard (1760); Senave (1778-1823)
Saint-Quentin
Pastellists: Crommelin (1750-1815);
Tirman (1757-1783)
Sanlis
Pastellists: Vogin (1773-1773)
Sens
Pastellists: Langlois (1777-1845)
Sèvres
The Manufacture royale de porcelaine employed several pastellists; Bachelier was directeur, while Caton, a porcelain painter, made pastel portraits.
Pastellists: Caton (1746-1800)
Sorèze
Pastellists: Chalot (1790-1810)
Strasbourg
Joseph Melling established and directed an école de dessin in 1776.
Pastellists: Dietterlin
(1571-1599); Seupel (1682-1714);
Frey (1736-1754); Melling (1744-1796); Kordenbusch (1751-1802);
Huin (1753-1796); Wihl (1754); Eckard (1758-1809); Wolff (1761-1761);
Sorg (1763-1821); F Gonord (1776-1822); Wachsmuth (1792-1800)
Toulon
Pastellists: J B Van Loo (1712-1745);
Volaire (1749-1763); Sicard (1759-1796)
Toulouse
Bernard Dupuy du Grez established an École publique de dessin in Toulouse which closed on his death in 1720. MM. Rivalz, Crozat and Cammas
persuaded the Capitouls to fund such a school from 1726, turning it into a perpetual institution in 1738. In 1746 the Société des Beaux-Arts was
established; five years later this was awarded a royal charter, becoming the Académie royale de peinture, sculpture et architecture, with 72 members, regular exhibitions and numerous students.
Pastellists: Rivalz (1687-1735);
J B Colson (1706-1762); G Cammas (1718-1777); Despax (1730-1773); J P Rivalz (1738-1785); Sicard (1738-1796); Saint-Aubin (1752-1783);
Dupré (1758-1784); Gamelin (1758-1761); Perronneau (1758-1783);
J A Gros (1760-1786); Lanaspèse (1760-1760); Crozat (1761-1765);
L Cammas (1763-1804); Arnal (1765-1805); E Gautier-Dagoty (1765-1783);
Lucas (1765-1765); Mlle Fauré (1767-1770); Gounon (1767-1767);
Bellotti (1768-1774); Carré de Brilly (1768-1768); Rabaudy (1768-1791);
Alves (1768-1808); Saint-Michel (1768-1770); Hervés (1769-1769);
Boudoux (1770-1790); J F Fauré (1770-1824); Hoin (1770-1817);
Mme Cammas (1772-1775); Delrieu (1772-1773); Des Mar (1772-1772);
Devesi (1772-1773); Henri (1772-1780); Faye (1773-1816);
Bonnac (1773-1778); Blancone (1774-1774);
Roques (1774-1847); Durome (1777-1785); Salabert (1777-1777);
Mlle Desangles (1778-1780); Suau (1778-1856); Mallet (1779-1835);
Meschin (1780-1780); Barbet (1781-1781); Fleuri (1781-1783); Barnaval
(1782-1789); Hubert (1782-1786); Laporte (1782-1782); Molis
aîné (1782-1785); Molis de Saint-Laurent (1783-1794);
Balza de Firmi (1784-1788); Combette (1784-1789);
Dupin (1784-1789); Emet (1784-1784);
Suberbie (1784-1784); Bauzil (1784-1789); Girard (1785-1791);
Hemet (1785-1787); Ventach (1785-1785); Daram (1786-1790); Descoffres
(1786-1788); Sudre (1786-1786); Belin (1787-1787); Paraza
(1788-1800); Pérès (1788-1788); Gounon de Loubens (1789-1825);
Dabos (1789-1842); Caussé (1790-1790); Sacau (1790-1790);
J Gounon de Loubens (1791-1803)
Tours
Pastellists: Fouquet
(1440-1481); Clouet (1536-1572); Delafue
(1774-1776); Pringot (1774-1815)
Troyes
An École municipale de dessin was established in 1773; Batanchon was professeur.
Pastellists: Mignard
(1632-1636); Cossin (1647-1682); Chabouillet
(1648-1684); Sorin (1675-1736); Baudemant (1749-1808); Cossard (1775-1775);
Rondot (1776-1802); Petit de Villeneuve (1780-1824)
Valence
Pastellists: Lusse (1793-1793)
Valenciennes
An Académie de peinture et sculpture was established in 1782.
Pastellists: Vosieux (1766-1767)
Vallière
Pastellists: Marron (1773-1773)
Verdun
Pastellists: Mansuy (1775-1777)
Versailles
Pastellists: Peyrotte (1719-1769);
Crommelin (1750-1815); France (1750-1752);
Cambruzzi (1764-1803); Blanchard de Farges (1776-1793); Ange
(1800-1800)
Verviers
Pastellists: Laurenty (1786-1834)
Vesoul
Pastellists: J A Cornu (1775-1807)
Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Pastellists: Delisle (1795-1795)
Yverdon
Pastellists: Hennezel (1753-1810);
M L Arlaud (1792-1845)
Pastellists: Dahl (1676-1688); Brownover (1678-1699); Kupecky (1686-1740); Kenckel (1708-1722); Maggiotto (1732-1794); Castle (1734-1738); Pilo (1737-1792); Guillibaud (1738-1799); Franck (1740-1740); Mme Subleyras (1749-1770); Fechenbach (1750-1800); Frisoni (1750-1750); Laockerhardt (1751-1806); Fragonard (1773-1774); Vetter (1776-1776); Hessell (1777-1830); Hammann (1780-1780); Horneman (1785-1844); Pringot (1785-1795); J G Hirschmann (1789-1789); Bolscheid (1791-1791); Saint-Mémin (1791-1852); Fraenckel (1792-1857); Isehischky (1794-1794)
Altenburg
Pastellists: Blattner (1753-1792)
Ansbach
Pastellists: Graff (1757-1759)
Anspach
Pastellists: Châteaubourg (1796-1837)
Arolsen
Pastellists: J F A Tischbein
(1770-1812); Maul (1795-1850); Unger (1795-1798); Niebour
(1800-1825)
Augsburg
Pastellists: Holbein
dA (1485-1524); J Kilian (1685-1730); G Kilian (1703-1775); Holzer
(1728-1740); C G Kilian (1744-1776); Spann
(1744-1779); Eckard (1755-1809); Graff (1756-1813); J. E. Haid (1759-1809); Sorg (1763-1821);
Edlinger (1786-1819)
Ausbach
Pastellists: Michael (1736-1791)
Baden-Baden
Caroline Luise Markgräfin von Baden-Durlach from 1751 was an amateur pastellist. Her widower Karl Friedrich von Baden founded a Zeichenakademie in 1785, placed her collections at its disposal; Becker was its director and Hofmaler in the court of Baden.
Pastellists: Becker (1779-1829);
Kisling (1781-1815); Châteaubourg (1793-1837)
Bamberg
Pastellists: Geiger (1771-1808);
J A Hirschmann (1785-1830); Gutbier (1786-1840); J B Hirschmann
(1790-1829); F L Hirschmann (1795-1821); Güthlein
(1796-1858)
Bamburg
Pastellists: Bencovich
(1697-1753)
Bavaria
Pastellists: N
Grassi (1702-1748)
Bayreuth
Friedrich der Große's sister, Wilhemine Markgäfin von Bayreuth, established Bayreuth as a cultural centre, building or reconstructing palaces, theatres and opera houses, as well as founding the university at Erlangen, which started as the Academia Fridericiana in 1742. An amateur pastellist herself, she assembled a collection of pastels at Bayreuth by Roslin, Liotard and Hagelgans around 1750. Reuß taught at the Akademie 1756-63.
Pastellists: Wilhelmine (1731-1758);
Wunder (1733-1787); A Roslin (1745-1747); Reuss (1750-1763);
Winkelmann (1750-1771); May (1758-1816); Pavona (1759-1777);
Hagelgans (1761-1766); Theil (1765-1797); K C Riedel (1784-1838);
Schroedel (1786-1841)
Berlin
The Academie der Mahler-, Bildhauer- und Architectur-Kunst was founded in 1696; it was renamed the Königlich-Preußische Akademie der Künste
und mechanischen Wissenschaften in 1704, and in 1790 became the Königliche Akademie der bildenden Künste und mechanischen Wissenschaften zu
Berlin. Romandon was one of its first professors in 1696. Pesne was appointed director in 1722, succeeded by Lesueur in 1756, Rode from 1783
and, from 1797, Chodowiecki; his correspondence is a major source of information about numerous resident and visiting artists in Berlin. Annual salons along the Paris model were conducted from 1786. A Künstler-Vereins zu Berlin existed around 1800; Tangermann a member.
Pastellists: Langevelt (1655-1695); Hainzelmann (1661-1693); Romandon (1687-1697); G
Kilian (1703-1775); Denner
(1705-1749); Haid (1708-1753); Harper (1708-1746); Pesne (1713-1757);
Knobelsdorff (1719-1753); Falbe (1729-1792); Wilhelmine (1729-1731);
Friedrich II. (1732-1786); G F Schmidt (1732-1775);
Elisabeth Christine (1735-1797);
Liszewska (1736-1783); Ziesenis (1736-1776); J Wessel (1736-1780);
Abel (1740-1790); Therbusch (1741-1782); Tittelbach (1742-1795); J Liszewska (1743-1794); Hagelgans (1745-1766); Liszewski
(1745-1794); Chodowiecki (1746-1801); Keyserlingk
(1747-1791); Le Sueur (1748-1783); Braband (1750-1790); Labadie
(1751-1808); J C Krüger (1753-1791); Saler (1753-1810); Diemar
(1755-1784); G D Matthieu (1757-1776); J C W Rosenberg (1757-1809);
Franke (1758-1792); J G Rosenberg (1759-1808); Høyer (1761-1804);
Hillner (1765-1808); Mechau (1765-1808); P J Bardou (1767-1814);
J H Schmidt (1769-1829); H F Matthieu (1770-1778); J M Stuten
(1770-1790); Winkelmann (1770-1771); Graff (1771-1813); Offenberg
(1772-1827); Sydow (1772-1792); Meil
(1774-1820); J Bardou
(1775-1788); Clemens (1775-1791); Fischer (1775-1799); G F
Taubert (1775-1839); C D F Bach (1776-1829); Löwe (1776-1831);
Schwartz (1776-1814); C W Kolbe (1777-1835); Schröder (1777-1812);
J H W Tischbein (1777-1829); Bock (1779-1805); Wagener (1779-1813);
Hessell (1779-1830); L Hess (1780-1800); Papin (1781-1835);
Sieburg (1781-1835); S Henry (1783-1819); Schlegel (1783-1839);
Darbes (1784-1810); Rincklacke (1784-1813); Stohren (1784-1784);
Cunningham (1784-1795); Hainchelin (1785-1791);
Döpler (1786-1791); P d'Esterno (1786-1790);
C F Kolbe (1786-1787); Tassaert
(1786-1818); J F Taubert (1786-1786); Fontane (1787-1795);
Gravius (1787-1787); Mlle Stuten (1787-1787); Weitsch (1787-1828);
Drague (1788-1825); Freidhoff (1788-1818); Gillen (1788-1788);
Seyffert (1788-1834); Bolt (1789-1836); Burckhardt (1789-1798);
K A H Hess (1789-1849); Heuzinger (1789-1846); Tangermann (1789-1830);
Schröder (1789-1792); Townley (1789-1800); A d'Esterno (1790-1822);
Luise Radziwill (1790-1836);
Dumack (1791-1791); Friedel (1792-1814); Molinari (1792-1831);
Itzig (1793-1793); Levi (1793-1803); K W Meyer (1793-1793);
Dacke (1794-1797); Bevern (1795-1795); Weise (1795-1822);
Tieck (1796-1851); Nollent (1797-1797);
Rouot (1797-1798); Lauer (1797-1806); Catel (1798-1856);
Châteaubourg (1798-1799); Blanchard (1799-1800); C W Bardou
(1800-1842); Goldschmid (1800-1800); Hoffmann (1800-1800);
Pohlmann (1800-1800); Ternite (1800-1871); Vigée Le Brun (1801-1842);
Drake (1804-1804)
Bernburg
Pastellists: Burckhardt (1789-1798)
Bliekastel
Pastellists: Lauer (1773-1824)
Bonn
Pastellists: Vivien (1677-1734);
Kordenbusch (1751-1802)
Braunschweig
Pastellists: G E Schröder (1704-1750);
L Schneider (1732-1789); Ziesenis (1736-1776); Tollius (1742-1847);
Rezel (1745-1792); Liszewska (1763-1783); Quanten (1763-1770); Skerl (1772-1810);
Schwartz (1776-1814); Oppermann (1780-1780); Dusaulchoy (1781-1835);
Schröder (1785-1812); Heuzinger (1789-1846); Louise Wilhelmine
(1790-1819); Bilderdijk (1797-1797);
Delamere (1802-1802)
Bremen
Pastellists: Fehrmann (1780-1837); E H Abel (1783)
Celle
Pastellists: G W Lafontaine (1700-1745);
J G Lafontaine (1734-1760); Voigts (1767-1813); Caroline Mathilde
(1772-1775)
Darmstadt
Pastellists: Fiedler (1717-1765);
Liotard (1722-1789); L Schneider (1739-1744); Abel (1740-1790);
Strecker (1741-1799); Caroline Luise (1743-1783);
Hagelgans (1745-1766); Schraid (1749-1786); J. W. Hien (1752); Dryander (1774-1812);
Bogen (1787-1800); Körnlein (1796-1842)
Dessau
Pastellists: Liszewski (1752-1772);
J F A Tischbein (1770-1812); C W Kolbe (1777-1835); Freidhoff
(1788-1818)
Detmold
Pastellists: Valentini (1795-1835)
Dresden
Friedrich August II.'s enthusiasm for Rosalba led to the formation of one of the great pastel collections. The Gemäldegalerie became a
fertile teaching ground for pastellists, with numerous copies after Mengs etc. A Zeichen- und Malerschule had been established in 1680, one of the
earliest in Germany; in 1764 this became the Allgemeine Kunst-Academie der Malerey, Bildhauer-Kunst, Kupferstecher- und Baukunst. Exhibitions
were held there in 1764 and thereafter. An account appeared in the Zeitung für die elegante Welt, 21.VII.1807, of Napoleon's visit to the Pastellkabinett,
where he noted the Mengs Amor and the maréchal de Saxe.
Pastellists: Am
Ende (1665-1682); G Kilian (1703-1775); J A Thiele (1705-1752);
Haid (1708-1753); I Mengs (1708-1764); Silvestre
(1716-1743); Knobelsdorff (1719-1753);
M M Silvestre (1728-1797); Dietrich
(1732-1774); Torelli (1732-1784);
Marteau (1735-1752); Liszewska (1736-1783); Oeser (1737-1759);
J B Berain (1740-1789); Sartori (1741-1760); Tittelbach (1742-1795);
Gandini (1743-1778); Müller (1743-1797); G D Tiepolo (1743-1745);
Maria Antonia Walpurgis (1744-1780);
Canale (1745-1802); T C Mengs (1745-1765); Pavona (1745-1759);
Bacciarelli (1750-1756); Rotari (1750-1756); C G Fechhelm
(1752-1816); Mengs (1752-1779); Casanova (1752-1757); J
C Krüger (1753-1791); Zingg (1754-1816); Dinglinger (1756-1791);
Graff (1756-1813); Holtzmann (1760-1811); Mietzsch (1762-1799);
Juel (1765-1802); Mechau (1765-1808); Theil (1765-1797);
Høyer (1766-1768); Darbes (1767-1810); F Thiele (1767-1803);
Friedrich (1769-1815); J H Schmidt (1769-1829); Schenau (1770-1806);
Seydelmann (1770-1829); Füger (1771-1818); Böttner (1772-1805); Held (1772-1828); Skerl
(1772-1810); Vogel (1772-1816); Döltsch (1773-1773); Linder
(1773-1776); Caffé (1776-1815); Meynecke (1776-1784);
Schwartz (1776-1814); Grassi (1777-1838); Ramdohr (1777-1822);
Schröder (1777-1812); J H W Tischbein (1777-1829); Brun
(1778-1815); Bock (1779-1787); C
A Günther (1779-1824); Weller
(1779-1789); Oppermann (1780-1780); Stock (1780-1832);
Offenberg (1780-1827); Seyfert (1781-1824); Stadler (1782-1811);
G F Taubert (1782-1839); Cunis (1784-1798); Lingke (1784-1842);
Rincklacke (1784-1813); Schubart (1786-1786); Seidler (1786-1866);
K C Riedel (1786-1838); Tassaert (1787-1818); Fromm (1788); K A H Hess
(1789-1849); Asselin (1789-1803); C C Fechhelm (1790-1826); Westermayr
(1790-1826); Molinari (1792-1831); F Völck (1792-1829); F C Krüger
(1794-1832); Lauer (1794-1797); Roux (1795-1831); Zeller
(1796-1796); Wollmann (1798-1845); Geyer (1799-1821);
Rupprecht (1799-1831); Boerner (1800-1800); C Völck (1800-1800); Brühl (1804-1844);
Kügelgen (1805-1820); Guttenbrunn
(1806-1813)
Düsseldorf
The Kurfürstlich Pfälzische Akademie der Maler-, Bildhauer- und Baukunst was founded in Düsseldorf in 1773 by Carl Theodor.
Pastellists: Neer (1654-1703);
Boy (1668-1727); Spilberg (1677-1697); H Van der Mijn (1715-1741);
Ziesenis (1736-1776); Eichler (1744-1783); Maucourt (1755-1768);
May (1758-1816); Böttner (1772-1805); Lips (1780-1817); Büri
(1783-1823); Rincklacke (1784-1813); Freidhoff (1788-1818); Amelsfoort
(1794-1820)
Elberfeld
Pastellists: Weyersberg (1785-1804)
Emmerich
Pastellists: Laube (1796-1824)
Erfurt
Pastellists: J
A Thiele (1705-1710); Kotta
(1778-1821); C Wunderlich (1795-1818)
Erlangen
Pastellists: Reuss (1763-1810);
Geiger (1771-1808); Schroedel (1786-1841)
Eurasburg
Pastellists: J G Fuchs (1747-1772)
Eutin
Pastellists: J H W Tischbein (1808-1829)
Frankfurt
Pastellists: M Merian (1641-1687);
J H Roos (1651-1685); B Vaillant (1658-1698); W Vaillant
(1658-1677); Furich (1671-1724); J
M Merian (1679-1716); M
Roos (1679-1731); Beham (1732-1550); Abel (1740-1790); F L Hauck
(1744-1801); B Nazari (1744-1758); Schraid (1749-1778); Honnete
(1755-1793); Tischendorff (1755-1755); Chandelle (1763-1820);
Welté (1765-1790); P J Bardou (1767-1814); Lose (1775-1813);
Schröder (1777-1812); Rincklacke (1784-1813); Sömmering (1788-1802);
Bender (1794-1825); Guttenbrunn
(1817-1813)
Frankfurt an der Oder
Pastellists: Zenge (1770-1852);
Papin (1781-1835)
Freiburg im Breisgau
Roesch was Direktor of the Zeichnungsschule at his death in 1777.
Pastellists: Roesch (1744-1777)
Fulda
Pastellists: Vollmöller (1790-1813)
Gera
Pastellists: Reinhold (1764-1807)
Gießen
Pastellists: Sturz (1756-1779)
Gimborn
Pastellists: Bieber (1775-1800)
Gotha
Pastellists: Hagelgans (1745-1766);
Michael (1763-1791); Specht (1771-1806); Wunderlich (1779-1810);
Paul (1800-1825)
Göttingen
Pastellists: Sturz (1756-1779);
Fiorillo (1768-1821); Zimmer (1800-1800)
Halberstadt
Pastellists: Gutbier (1786-1840)
Halle
Pastellists: Block (1660-1719);
Senff (1790-1838)
Hamburg
Pastellists: L Schneider (1732-1789);
Abel (1740-1790); J A Herterich (1745-1794); Richard (1745-1770);
J J Tischbein (1745-1791); Stein (1750-1770); Lönborg (1753-1811);
Rezel (1753-1792); Juel (1765-1802); Juel (1765-1802);
J H W Tischbein (1771-1773); Hudtwalcker (1772-1804);
H F Matthieu (1774-1778); Schwartz (1776-1814); Cramm (1780-1819); J E Heinsius (1781-1784); Perronneau (1781-1783);
E H Abel (1783); Schubart (1786-1815); Arishall (1786-1794); F Specht (1790-1810); Weitsch
(1790-1828); Suhr (1791-1842); H J Herterich (1792-1852); Mosnier
(1796-1808); Unger (1801-1806); F L Hirschmann (1821-1821)
Hanau
Die Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau was established by Wilhelm IX. von Hessen-Kassel in 1772 for the purposes of training gold and silversmiths; Westermayr was a pupil.
Pastellists: Büri (1783-1823);
Westermayr (1785-1826)
Hannover
Pastellists: G W Lafontaine (1700-1745);
J G Lafontaine (1734-1760); J G Lafontaine (1734-1760); Eichler
(1744-1783); Ziesenis (1760-1776); E Ziesenis (1764-1796);
Schröder (1780-1784); Unger (1799-1801)
Heidelberg
Pastellists: Ruprecht v d Pfalz
(1639-1682); W Vaillant (1643-1677)
Hildburghausen
Pastellists: J P Bach (1772-1846);
Weida (1781-1809)
Hirschberg
Pastellists: Fischer (1794-1799)
Hof
Pastellists: F L Hirschmann (1790-1791)
Homburg
Pastellists: F L Hauck (1738-1801);
Lauer (1773-1824)
Jena
Pastellists: Sturz (1756-1779);
Berczy (1764-1813); Grass (1786-1789); Roux (1795-1831); Schlegel
(1799-1839)
Kaiserslautern
Pastellists: Termes (1784-1795)
Kampen
Pastellists: Jelgerhuis (1749-1806);
Anspach (1772-1823)
Karlsbad
Pastellists: G F Taubert (1783-1839)
Karlsruhe
The Markgräfin Caroline Luise von Baden-Durlach was an enthusiastic amateur, whose work was guided by Melling, court painter from 1757. Her collection formed the nucleus of the Kunsthalle in Karlsruhe.
Pastellists: Monogrammist
CH (1529-1529); Caroline
Luise (1743-1783); Hurter (1754-1799); Melling (1757-1774);
Shipley (1775-1806); Moosbrugger (1780-1849); Orth (1780-1861)
Kassel
The Académie de peinture et de sculpture de Cassel was founded in 1777 by the Landgraf Friedrich II. as part of his efforts to establish industry and scholarship after the Seven Years' War. It held exhibitions from 1778. J. H. Tischbein taught there; his daughter Amalie, Frau von Apell was made an honorary member in 1780. Böttner was direktor after 1781.
Pastellists: J
B Xavery (1717-1742); Reifenstein
(1739-1760); J H Tischbein (1752-1789); J F A Tischbein (1770-1812);
J H W Tischbein (1771-1829); Böttner (1772-1805); Juel (1772-1779);
Appel (1773-1820/39); Schröder (1778-1812); Fehrmann
(1780-1837); Weitsch (1780-1828); Westermayr (1785-1826); Unger
(1795-1855); Siebert (1800-1800); Emde (1800-1800)
Kiel
Voigts was appointed Zeichenlehrer at the Kieler Stadtschule in 1799.
Pastellists: Wunderlich (1779-1810);
Voigts (1794-1813)
Kirchberg
Pastellists: Christiane v.
Hohenlohe (1774-1815)
Koblenz
Pastellists: Sprath (1700-1800);
Zick (1762-1797); Brahm (1772-1822)
Köln
Kurfürst und Erzbischof Maximilian Franz appointed Cambruzzi Hofmaler.
Pastellists: Vivien (1677-1734);
J A Peters (1745-1795); Kordenbusch (1751-1802);
Cambruzzi (1764-1803); E H Abel (1779); Koch (1786-1786); Abel (1788-1790);
Kügelgen (1791-1791)
Königsberg
Pastellists: Rönnow (1735-1787);
Keyserlingk (1747-1791); Starke (1770-1780); Pichulski (1779-1779);
Heuzinger (1789-1846); P J Bardou (1809-1809)
Köthen
Pastellists: Scholcher (1794-1794)
Laubach
Christiane Luise Gräfin zu Solms-Laubach was an amateur pastellist; pupil and correspondent of Chodowiecki.
Pastellists: Christiane v.
Hohenlohe (1774-1815); Dryander (1776-1812)
Leipzig
The Leipziger Kunstakademie was founded in 1763 with Oeser its main teacher. It held exhibitions annually, from 1764, during the fairs. From 1773 it held joint exhibitions with the Dresden Akademie.
Pastellists: Am
Ende (1682-1695); Meil (1750-1774); Labadie
(1751-1808); Graff (1756-1813); Oeser (1759-1799); Gottlob (1764-1796);
Mechau (1765-1808); P J Bardou (1767-1814); Wiese (1768-1803);
Gutsche (1769-1769); Köhlitz (1770-1790); J F A Tischbein (1770-1812);
Zenge (1770-1852); Füger (1771-1818); Lauer (1773-1824);
Caffé (1776-1815); Stock (1780-1832); J C Reinhardt
(1781-1786); Schule (1784-1816); Cunis (1784-1798); Burckhardt
(1789-1798); Rosmäsler (1790-1821); Strassberger (1790-1841); Blanchard (1799-1800)
Lübeck
Pastellists: J J Tischbein (1745-1791);
Torelli (1760-1784); Stein (1770-1788)
Ludwigsburg
Pastellists: Füger (1771-1818)
Mainz
Pastellists: Seybold (1710-1768);
Kordenbusch (1751-1802); Honnete (1755-1793); G A A Urlaub
(1764-1788); F J Kaufmann (1769-1791); Sömmering (1792-1802)
Mannheim
Mannheimer Kunstakademie: Peter Anton Verschaffelt was director; pupils included Mannlich and Moosbrugger.
Pastellists: Ziesenis (1750-1776);
G F Meyer (1755-1779); May (1758-1816); L Schneider (1761-1774);
A C Hauck (1762-1801); Mannlich (1762-1822); Sorg (1763-1821);
Schönchen (1763-1772); Therbusch (1763-1764); Cambruzzi
(1764-1803); Kymli (1768-1813); Anspach (1772-1791);
Lauer (1773-1824); Brun (1778-1815); Moosbrugger (1780-1849);
Lips (1780-1817); Edlinger (1791-1791); K P Reinhardt (1807-1809)
Marburg
Pastellists: Engelschall (1759-1797);
Kessler (1780-1823)
Marienwerder
Pastellists: Laockerhardt (1751-1806)
Meiningen
The prolific Bach family of musicians and painters played a major role at court.
Pastellists: G F Bach (1737-1785);
J P Bach (1772-1846); Reinwald (1777-1847); Schröder (1777-1812);
J C Reinhardt (1786-1789)
Meißen
Pastellists: Schaufuss (1780-1838)
Munich
Pastellists: Seidenbusch (1661-1729);
Vivien (1677-1734); G E Schröder (1717-1750); Desmarées (1728-1776);
Schega (1731-1787); Michael (1742-1791); Mannlich (1761-1822);
Edlinger (1761-1819); Sorg (1763-1821); Cambruzzi (1764-1803);
H Schneider (1767-1812); Strassburger (1773-1792); L Schneider
(1775-1789); Schönchen (1779-1816); Langer (1780-1843); Schattenhofer
(1783-1840); Puppeli (1786-1842)
Münster
Pastellists: Monpeur (1774-1791);
Rincklacke (1784-1813)
Neuwied
Pastellists: L Schneider (1747-1789)
Nürnberg
The Nürnberg Akademie der bildenden Künste, or Malerakademie, was founded in 1662 and directed by the astonomer Georg Christoph Eimmart, succeeded in 1705 by Johann Daniel Preißler who also founded a Zeichenschule für Handwerkslehrlinge in 1716.
Pastellists: Beham (1520-1525); Pencz (1520-1550); M
Merian (1650-1687); Block (1660-1770); Eimmart (1696-1707);
Desmarées (1699-1776); Hummert (1700–1800); Kordenbusch (1751-1802); G C Günther (1756-1777); J G Prestel (1759-1808); K Prestel (1767-1786);
Geiger (1771-1808); Pippo (1775-1775); Hessell (1777-1830);
Kreul (1785-1840); J A Prestel (1795-1818); Rupprecht (1799-1799)
Offenbach
Pastellists: May (1758-1816)
Passau
Pastellists: Platzer (1724-1761);
Bergler (1786-1800)
Pforzheim
Pastellists: Bodemer (1797-1824)
Prenzlau
Pastellists: Rockstühl (1790-92)
Rastatt
Pastellists: Nicodemo (1750-1800)
Regensburg
Pastellists: Block (1670-1719);
Zoffany (1748-1750); Graff (1764-1765)
Rudolstadt
Pastellists: J
E Heinsius (1751-1794); J
P Bach (1772-1846)
Saarbrücken
Pastellists: Dryander (1776-1812)
Schrezheim
Pastellists: Wintergerst (1757-1805)
Schweinfurt
Pastellists: Geiger (1771-1808);
Geiger (1803-1809)
Schwerin
Pastellists: Maucourt (1751-1768);
G D Matthieu (1764-1776); Seyffert (1788-1834)
Söflingen
Pastellists: Meichsner (1757-1815)
Stralsund
Pastellists: G D Matthieu (1762-1776)
Stuttgart
Pastellists: Therbusch (1761-1762);
Schlotterbeck (1777-1811); Simanowitz (1779-1827); Moosbrugger (1780-1849);
Scharffenstein (1780-1917); Hiemer (1788-1822);
Kreul (1795-1840)
Ulm
Pastellists: Kraus (1725-1752);
Meichsner (1757-1815); Veiel (1767-1822);
Schreiber (1775-1827)
Volkstedt
The Volkstädter Zeichenschule was established at the porcelain works by Kotta, who directed it until his death.
Waldeck
Pastellists: Maul (1795-1850)
Weimar
Pastellists: Eisenberg (1720-1770); Dietrich (1732-1774); J E Heinsius (1751-1794); May (1758-1816); Shipley (1775-1806);
Westermayr (1785-1826); Gutbier (1786-1840); Flaxman (1788-1833);
Lips (1789-1794); Jagemann (1800-1820)
Wittenberg
Pastellists: Cranach
(1504-1553); Flemming
(1770-1770)
Wolfenbüttel
Pastellists: Heuzinger (1789-1846)
Württemberg
Pastellists: Dietterlin
(1571-1599); Cambruzzi
(1764-1803)
Würzburg
Pastellists: Bencovich
(1697-1753); G A Urlaub
(1733-1759); Axmann (1735-1757); G B Tiepolo (1750-1753); G D
Tiepolo (1750-1753); Tiepolo (1750-1753); May (1758-1816);
G A A Urlaub (1764-1788); Geiger (1771-1808); Strassburger
(1774-1792); Menna (1787-1837)
Zerbst
Pastellists: Abel (1740-1790)
Zweibrücken
Pastellists: Frey (1736-1806);
Ziesenis (1743-1776); La Houlière (1761-1800); Dubuisson (1784-1784);
Lauer (1791-1794)
Athens
Pastellists: J Stuart (1748-1755)
Pastellists: Edlinger (1761-1819); Altmutter (1765-1771); J M Hess (1788-1830); K A H Hess (1789-1849); C Völck (1800-1800)
Pest
Pastellists: G Wagner (1779-1796)
Pastellists: Kettle (1754-1776); Sparrgren (1783-1828); Humphry (1785-1788); Tonelli (1798-1801)
Calcutta
Pastellists: Isaacs (1771-1778);
Zoffany (1783-1789); Hickey (1784-1824); Alefounder (1785-1794);
Baillie (1795-1795); Chinnery (1800-1852); Shirreff (1800-1831);
Harvey (1803-1803)
Madras
Pastellists: Hickey (1761-1824);
Willison (1774-1780); Beatson (1777-1839); Zoffany (1783-1789);
Smart (1785-1795); Shirreff (1797-1799)
Despite the evident health of the teaching of drawing in Ireland, Twiss 1776 was able to state with confidence that there were "no other [collections] in the whole island" apart from those of the earls of Charlemont, Ely and Moira, Lady St George and Messrs Stewart and Joseph Henry.
Pastellists: Johnston (1694-1708);
Stewart (1742-1810); S Hill (1743-1770); Clarke (1750-1775);
W Lawranson (1780-1783)
Armagh
Pastellists: T Hunter (1787-1787)
Belfast
Pastellists: Dyke (1787-1819)
Castle Ward, Co. Down
Pastellists: Bangor (1734-1789)
Cork
Pastellists: Cook (1709-1709);
Buck (1779-1833)
Dublin
The Dublin Society for improving Husbandry, Manufactures and other Useful Arts and Sciences was founded in 1731; one of the founders, Rev. Dr Samuel Madden (1686-1765), instituted a system of annual premiums for painting, sculpture and similar crafts along the lines of those in the academies of Rome and Paris. The Dublin Society school of drawing was first established in George's Lane, Dublin in the early 1740s along the model of the Académie royale, with the students progressing from copying set drawings to models and life studies. Later ornamental design, sculpture and architecture were added. Robert West taught drawing from 1744, and was appointed director when, in 1757, the school became more formally organised and relocated to Shaw's Court off Dame Street. In 1763 he was suspended on account of mental illness, and although reinstated in 1770, he died soon after. Among the Irish pastellists he trained or influenced were his son Francis Robert West, Hugh Douglas Hamilton, Thomas Hickey, the Healys, Watson, Pope, Lawrence and Forrest. Among other teaching establishmnets Guillaume Bertrand opened a drawing school on Arran Quay, 1765. The Society of Artists in Ireland organised the first public art exhibtion in George's Lane, Dublin, in 1765. Subsequent exhibtions were held annually from the Society's own rooms, in William Street. A schism occurred in 1774 with the formation of a rival Academy of Artists.
Pastellists:
Bindon (1720-1765); Delany (1720-1788);
Frye (1730-1735); Worsdale (1735-1744); R Barber (1736-1772);
Bermingham (1740-1744); Kelly (1740-1775); R West (1740-1770);
Hone (1742-1784); Mannin (1746-1779); Barret (1748-1762); Béranger (1749-1817);
Sisson (1750-1767); Dupan (1750-1763); S Pine (1752-1772);
Madden (1753-1775); Delacour (1753-1757); Gavin (1756-1775);
W Healy (1757-1770); Gs Hamilton
(1759-1775); M W Peters
(1759-1759); Boulger (1760-1821); J Dixon (1760-1765);
Hamilton (1760-1764); Reily (1760-1780); Forrest (1762-1807);
W Watson (1762-1765); Healy (1763-1771); Bloomfield (1764-1808);
Harpur (1764-1770); Phillips (1764-1784); Warren (1764-1779);
Robinson (1765-1765); Bertrand (1765-1769); Barralet (1767-1795);
Eccles (1767-1777); Hutchison (1767-1790); O'Keeffe (1767-1833);
Mrs Watson (1767-1774); Townshend (1767-1772);
Sadler (1768-1788); F R West (1769-1809); Petrie (1770-1819);
Wickens (1770-1772); Tresham (1771-1775); Hincks (1772-1780);
Mervyn (1772-1772); Ramage (1772-1802); Plowman (1773-1820);
Brocas (1774-1780); W L Holland (1774-1787); T Hunter (1775-1787);
Pye (1776-1796); Vispré (1776-1794); V Vispré (1776-1780);
G Lawrence (1778-1807); Buck (1779-1833); M Hunter (1779-1829);
Kean (1779-1823); Pack (1779-1796); Wheatley (1779-1783); Murphy
(1780-1814); N Smart (1780-1780); Steel (1780-1780);
Cullen (1781-1825/30); H Hone (1782-1825); Kettle
(1783-1786); Pope (1783-1783);
Stoker (1783-1788); Halpin (1784-1801); Gree (1786–89); Dyke (1787-1819); G Stuart (1787-1793);
Shee (1788-1788); Rogers (1789-1789); Hodges (1790-1792);
Whitaker (1790-1790); Comerford (1793-1832); Chinnery (1793-1798);
R L West (1794-1850)
Kilkenny
Pastellists: W L Holland (1787-1787);
Comerford (1793-1832)
Limerick
Pastellists: Plowman (1773-1820)
Northern Ireland
Pastellists: Delany (1720-1788)
Tipperary
Pastellists: Barnaval (1782-1789)
Alessandria
Pastellists: Guasco (1757-1805);
Ghilini (1770-1775)
Bassano
Pastellists: G Bassano (1530-1592);
L Bassano (1577-1622)
Bergamo
Pastellists: Ghislandi (1675-1743);
N Nazari (1744-1793); Steiner (1754-1812);
Dell'Era (1785-1798)
Bologna
The academy founded in 1582 by the Carracci, known as the Accademia delli desiderosi or delli incamminati, was one of the most important teaching institutions in Italy. It became the Accademia Clementina in 1711.
Pastellists: Michelangelo
(1485-1564); L Carracci
(1575-1619); A Carracci (1580-1609); F
Vanni (1583-1610); Reni
(1595-1642); Spada (1596-1622); Tiarini (1597-1668); Domenichino
(1601-1641); Guercino (1611-1666); G A Sirani (1630-1670); Mola
(1632-1666); D Canuti (1640-1684);
Santi (1641-1694); Cignani (1648-1719); Lauri (1650-1650); E Sirani
(1658-1665); Bergonzi (1665-1722); E Canuti (1673-1693); Ricci
(1679-1681); Balestra (1686-1740); Meloni (1696-1713); Campiglia
(1712-1775); Pavona (1715-1777); Marchese (1719-1771);
Soderini (1724-1751); C Martin (1728-1757); Torelli (1732-1784);
G A Urlaub (1733-1759); Baldrighi (1743-1803); Gandini (1743-1778);
U Gandolfi (1748-1781); Manini (1750-1750); Maggi (1752-1811);
Crescimbeni (1754-1781); G Gandolfi (1754-1802); Cunningham
(1762-1795); Le Comte (1764-1800); Tozelli (1769-1822); Shipley (1775-1806);
Mime (1777-1797); Frulli (1782-1837); Fancelli (1784-1850); Dell'Era
(1787-1798)
Brescia
Pastellists: Gambara (1550-1574)
Castelfranco Veneto
Pastellists: Osti
(1728-1728)
Faenza
Pastellists: Fenzoni
(1582-1645)
Florence
The Accademia e compagnia del disegno was founded in 1563 as a teaching institution; it was succeeded by the Accademia di belle arti di Firenze in 1784. Numerous foreign members included C. D. F. Bach and Maria Cosway.
Pastellists: Leonardo
(1472-1519); Michelangelo (1485-1564); Raphael (1504-1520); Pagani (1578-1605); Curradi (1590-1661); Commodi (1595-1638); Allori
(1597-1621); Rubens (1597-1640); Giovanni (1612-1636); G B Vanni (1619-1660);
Furini (1624-1646); Lippi (1626-1695); Volterrano (1631-1690); Mazzoni (1631-1685); Dolci
(1636-1686); Rosa (1639-1647); Galantini (1647-1706); Mehus (1650-1691);
Gherardini (1675-1723); Tempesti (1675-1737); G N Nasini
(1677-1736); Ricci (1682-1706); Fratellini (1686-1731);
Luti (1686-1691); Pucci (1699-1736); Conti (1701-1760); Termini
(1703-1717); Pignatta (1704-1751); Vitteli (1706-1729);
Casini (1709-1748); L Fratellini (1710-1729); Gerini (1711-1766);
Campiglia (1712-1775); Ferretti (1712-1768); A Nasini (1712-1786);
G E Schröder (1715-1750); Luz (1716-1736); Pitti (1717-1767);
Betti (1719-1783); Eisenberg (1720-1770);
Gabbiani (1720-1750); F Messini (1720-1750); Antiquus (1722-1750);
Zuccarelli (1722-1788); G Piattoli
(1723-1774); Soderini (1724-1751);
Lihl (1725-1775); Pazzi (1726-1779);
C Martin (1728-1757); Grisoni (1728-1735); Siriès (1729-1783);
Soldini (1735-1780); Tanfani (1736-1737); G Messini (1737-1742);
Baldacci (1738-1782); Hörling (1738-1747); Ferroni (1740-1740);
A Piattoli (1740-1788); Wills (1740-1777); Clérisseau
(1741-1820); Parigi (1741-1738);
Baldrighi (1743-1803); Cipriani (1747-1785); Bartolozzi (1748-1815);
Hone (1752-1784); Ramsay (1754-1784); Galeotti (1758-1773);
Høyer (1761-1804); Kauffmann (1761-1807); M W Peters
(1762-1763); Gpe Piattoli (1763-1823); Le
Comte (1763-1800); Berczy
(1764-1813); Cambruzzi (1764-1803); Cambruzzi (1764-1803);
Del Rosso (1767-1767); Zoffany (1773-1779); Vigée
Le Brun (1775-1842); B Gagnereaux (1776-1795); Townley (1776-1800);
M Cosway (1779-1838); Barnaval (1782-1789); E Gautier-Dagoty (1782-1783); Guttenbrunn (1782-1813); Tonelli (1783-1846); Valentini (1788-1835);
Bigatti (1789-1789); Dell'Era (1789-1798); L Hess (1794-1800);
Des Fossez (1808-1848)
Genoa
Pastellists: Rubens
(1597-1640); Parodi (1725-1759);
C Martin (1728-1757); Betti (1737-1747); Chiappe (1743-1765);
Høyer (1761-1804); Callet (1773-1773); G D Tiepolo (1783-1804)
Imola
Pastellists: Tozelli (1769-1822)
Lodi
Pastellists: M Cosway (1779-1838)
Lucca
Pastellists: Mola
(1632-1666); Martini (1705-1739)
Mantua
Pastellists: Rubens
(1597-1640); Fetti (1613-1622);
Semplice da Verona (1620-1621)
Milan
The Accademia di San Luca founded 1620 within the Biblioteca Ambrosiana. The Accademia di Brera, with its pinacoteca, was founded in 1776 under Parini. Mazzola succeeded Martin in the chair of colour.
Pastellists: Leonardo
(1472-1519); Solario (1485-1524); Boltraffio
(1487-1516); B Luini (1500-1532); Giampietrino (1520-1540); A
Luini (1550-1593); Nuvolone
(1629-1662); Cipper (1684-1736); Nogari (1719-1766); Chiappe
(1743-1765); Pillement (1748-1808); Cambruzzi (1764-1803);
Mazzola (1768-1838); Bergler (1773-1829); R Bernini (1781-1829);
Dell'Era (1785-1798); Valentini (1786-1835)
Modena
Pastellists: Santi (1641-1694);
Fantaguzzi (1791-1837)
Naples
The Accademia di belle arti was founded by Carlos III in 1752 as the Reale accademia del disegno, and was headed by Giuseppe Bonito. Wilhelm Tischbein was made director in 1789; Costanzo Angelini taught there after 1790, as did Desiderio de Angelis from 1803.
Pastellists: Pettinato (1590-1590);
Domenichino (1601-1641); Rosa (1635-1673); Po (1683-1713);
Conca (1700-1764); Eisenberg (1720-1770);
C Martin (1728-1757); Rotari (1731-1734); Liotard (1736-1789);
Ramsay (1736-1757); Romoli (1740-1740); Boudard (1741-1773); Tucchi
(1748-1802); J Stuart (1748-1788); Pichler (1754-1791); Høyer
(1761-1804); Cunningham (1762-1795); Spinelli (1764-1823);
Juel (1765-1802); Volaire (1767-1802); Glain (1769-1787);
Füger (1771-1818); Deramm (1772-1789); Tonci
(1776-1844); J F A Tischbein
(1779-1812); Nicodemo (1780-1800); Lips (1782-1817); Angelis
(1784-1808); J H W Tischbein (1787-1829); Vigée Le Brun (1789-1792);
Angelini (1790-1853); Gounod (1791-1823); Valentini (1792-1835);
Berger (1806-1822)
Padua
The Accademia dei ricoverati was founded in 1599; Élisabeth-Sophie Chéron was a member in 1699.
Pastellists: Padovanino (1608-1649);
Chéron (1699-1711); Raoux (1709-1734); La Touche Loisi (1714-1781);
Scanferla (1746-1763)
Palermo
Pastellists: Calandrucci
(1666-1707)
Parma
Carlo Cignani founded an accademia del nudo c.1681. When the Accademia Clementina was formed in 1706, Cignani was elected principe in absentia for life. The Accademia di belle arti was founded in 1752; honorary members included Rosalba Bernini; Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme and contessa Maggi. The court painter Baldrighi played an important role from 1756; his pupils included Ferrari and Cunningham.
Pastellists: G
Ferrari (1490-1546); Correggio
(1509-1534); Parmigianino (1523-1540);
F Vanni (1583-1610); Semplice
da Verona (1617-1654); Ricci (1685-1734); Odam (1701-1740);
Baldrighi (1743-1803); Boudard (1749-1773); Maggi (1752-1811);
Zoffany (1753-1810); P M Ferrari (1755-1787); Callani (1756-1809);
Isabelle de Bourbon-Parme (1761-1763);
Cunningham (1762-1795); Le
Comte (1764-1800); A Dubois
(1765-1765); Vigée Le Brun (1775-1842); Landi (1776-1830);
R Bernini (1780-1781); Savazzini (1786-1822); Valentini (1787-1835)
Perugia
An accademia del disegno was founded by Stefano di Amadei before 1644.
Pastellists: Amadei (1609-1644);
O Ferretti (1659-1725)
Pesaro
Pastellists: Ceccarini (1723-1783)
Piemonte
Pastellists: Saint-Michel (1756-1785)
Pistoia
Pastellists: Bargili (1739-1739)
Rome
The Accademia di San Luca was founded in 1593. Simon Vouet was president in 1624. In 1705 Rosalba Carriera was admitted on merit rather than as an accademica d'onore, the title normally given to women artists. In 1726 it took over the Accademia del nudo established by the cavaliere Conca around 1706. The Accademia degli arcadi, a literary academy founded 1690, included poets, composers etc.; it held meetings on the Bosco Parrasio on the Janiculum from 1723. Odam was admitted to the under the pastoral name Dorindo Monaerino. Several foreign academies had branches in Rome. The Villa Médicis housed the Académie de France or École royale des beaux-arts à Rome, founded by Colbert in 1667; its directors included: Vleughels and Natoire. In 1758 Preciado de La Vega was appointed the first director of the Academia de España en Roma. Luti's studio included numerous pupils such as Arnulphy. Other prominent teachers included Batoni and Anton von Maron.
Pastellists: Leonardo
(1472-1519); Michelangelo (1485-1564); Raphael (1518-1520); Romano
(1519-1546); Porta (1539-1539); Mascherino (1544-1606); T Zuccaro (1549-1566); F Zuccaro (1560-1609);
Casolani (1572-1607); Cigoli
(1579-1613); A Carracci
(1580-1609); F Vanni (1583-1610); Arpino (1588-1640); Commodi
(1595-1638); Reni (1595-1642); Leoni (1598-1630);
Rubens (1601-1608); Padovanino (1608-1649); Fetti (1609-1623);
Giovanni (1612-1636); Poussin
(1614-1665); Vouet (1614-1627); Duquesnoy (1614-1643); G
L Bernini (1618-1680); Sacchi
(1621-1661); Guercino (1621-1623); Semplice
da Verona (1625-1654); Mme Vouet (1626-1627); Sassoferrato
(1629-1685); Rosa (1634-1660);
N Mignard (1635-1668); Mignard
(1636-1656); D Canuti (1640-1684);
Brandi (1641-1691); Mola (1641-1666);
Maratti (1645-1713); Calandrucci (1666-1707); Po
(1666-1683); Passeri (1674-1714); Tempesti (1675-1737);
Trevisani (1676-1746); G N Nasini (1677-1736); Tilson (1680-1695);
Charles (1681-1747); Balestra (1686-1740); Kupecky
(1686-1740); Luti (1686-1724);
Termini (1686-1703); Rivalz (1687-1702); Ricci (1692-1734); Crecolini
(1695-1725); Jervas (1695-1709); Howard (1700-1738); Sarti (1700-1750);
Vaselli (1700-1743); Geneverino (1700-1763); Odam (1701-1740);
Martini (1705-1739); Raoux (1705-1734); Conca (1706-1752); Parrocel
(1708-1721); Campiglia (1712-1775);
C Van Loo (1712-1723); G E Schröder (1715-1750); Grisoni (1719-1769);
Natoire (1720-1777); J Natoire (1720-1776); Vanvitelli (1720-1773);
Arnulphy (1722-1786); Costanzi (1722-1759); B Nazari (1723-1758);
Soderini (1724-1751); Vleughels (1724-1737); Mme Subleyras
(1727-1770); Bernard (1727-1732); Rotari (1727-1730);
Batoni (1728-1787); C Martin (1728-1757); Subleyras
(1728-1749); Hoare (1728-1738);
Trémolières (1728-1734); Luigi
(1730-1750); Dupan (1732-1763); Perotti (1732-1793); Preciado
(1732-1789); Boudard (1732-1740); Duflos (1733-1746); Siriès
(1734-1783); M Loir (1735-1779); Pierre (1735-1740); J P Rivalz (1735-1747); Hallé (1736-1781); Ramsay (1736-1757);
Wills (1737-1740); Handmann (1738-1746); Troy (1738-1752);
Favray (1738-1744); Loir (1739-1785); Romoli (1740-1740); C A P Van Loo (1740-1795); Mengs (1741-1747); Chiappe (1743-1765);
Gn Hamilton (1743-1798); Gandini (1743-1778); Canale (1745-1751);
Duplessis (1745-1802); Hörling (1745-1786); T CMengs (1745-1806);
Als (1746-1776); Bacciarelli (1746-1750); Voiriot (1746-1749);
Pillement (1748-1808); J B Berain (1749-1789); Briard (1749–1753); Le Mettais (1749-1753); J C Mengs (1750-1806); Hone
(1750-1752); Zoffany (1750-1757); Frisoni (1750-1750);
Read (1751-1753); Blattner (1753-1792); Pichler (1754-1791);
Davy (1755-1762); Hien (1755-1757); Fragonard (1756-1761);
D Martin (1757-1798); Cunningham (1757-1761); Taraval (1759-1785);
Cherubini (1760-1811); Willison (1760-1767); Zick (1760-1797);
Høyer (1761-1804); Kauffmann (1761-1807); Lonsing (1761-1778);
J B Restout (1761-1765); Reifenstein (1762-1793);
Clodion (1762-1814); Cellerier (1763-1814); Le
Comte (1763-1800); Volaire
(1763-1767); Franco (1764-1826);
Callet (1764-1772); Kauffmann (1764-1807); Juel
(1765-1802); Lacour (1765-1774); Alves (1765-1808); Mannlich (1767-1770);
J G Prestel (1767-1808); Sablet (1767-1777); J
C D Van Loo (1767-1821); Mazzola
(1768-1838); Forbes (1768-1772); Stouf (1769-1776); Valentin (1769-1805);
Cades (1770-1799); J F A Tischbein (1770-1812); Townley
(1770-1800); L Cammas (1770-1804); Parry (1770-1791); W Hamilton
(1771-1801); A M Mengs (1771-1777); Gamelin (1771-1803); Guttenbrunn (1772-1807); Saint-Ours (1772-1792); Coclers van Wyck
(1772-1804); Le Gillon (1772-1797); Seydelmann (1772-1779); Naigeon
(1773-1832); Arlaud Jurine (1773-1829); B Gagnereaux (1774-1793);
Downman (1774-1777); Vigée Le Brun (1775-1842); Danloux
(1775-1809); Tresham (1775-1789); Wertmüller
(1775-1779); Landi (1776-1830);
Bergler (1776-1786); Füger (1776-1782); P Hoare (1776-1780);
Linder (1776-1802); Mechau (1776-1808); J
B Regnault (1776-1829); Becker
(1777-1784); Böttner (1777-1805); J F A Tischbein (1777-1779);
Hamilton (1778-1779); Roques (1778-1780); J H W Tischbein (1780-1829);
Grignion (1781-1804); Pye (1781-1796); San (1781-1785); Paticchi
(1782-1788); Lips (1782-1789); C Vernet (1782-1836); Büri (1783-1823);
Prud'hon (1783-1789); Berger (1784-1822); Dumont (1786-1831);
Skirving (1786-1794); Girodet (1787-1824); Dell'Era (1788-1798);
Gounod (1788-1823); F Massot (1788-1849); J Taylor (1788-1791);
J C Reinhardt (1789-1847); Valentini (1789-1835); Angelini (1790-1853); Gérard (1790-1837); Kügelgen
(1791-1820); Lock (1791-1847);
L Hess (1794-1800); Liernur (1794-1796); Artaud (1795-1823); Suhr
(1795-1798); Grass (1796-1814); Giordano (1797-1829); Ramdohr
(1806-1822); Naudet (1806-1810); Freidhoff (1816-1817)
Siena
Pastellists: Casolani (1572-1607); F Vanni (1583-1610); G
N Nasini (1677-1736); A Nasini (1712-1786); Buonsignore (1784-1818);
Bichi Ruspoli (1789-1800)
Todi
Pastellists: Tucchi (1748-1802)
Treviso
Pastellists: Moretti (1750-1800)
Turin
The ancient Università dei pittori, scultori e architetti became the Compagnia di San Luca in 1652, and adopted the name of Accademia di belle arti in 1678. In 1778 it was relaunched by Vittorio Amedeo III as the Reale accademia di pittura e scultura with Laurent Pécheux as director and Bernero among the professors; Berger was a pupil. Porporati, a member since 1773, was appointed director of the gallery in 1797.
Pastellists: Lanino
(1545-1583); Ricci (1690-1734); N Grassi (1702-1748); J
B Van Loo (1712-1719); Nogari (1719-1766); C Van Loo
(1727-1734); C A
P Van Loo (1738-1738); Pillement
(1748-1808); Marini (1750–1807); Le Mettais (1753-1759); Perronneau (1759-1783);
Boucheron (1762-1815); J H Schmidt (1769-1829); Porporati
(1773-1816); Berger (1774-1822); Vigée Le Brun (1775-1842);
Valentini (1780-1835); Borghese (1787-1787); Bernero (1795-1848);
Giordano (1798-1829)
Tyrol
Pastellists: Platzer (1724-1761)
Umbria
Pastellists: Raphael
(1508-1520)
Urbino
Pastellists: Barocci (1555-1612)
Varallo
Pastellists: Betti (1747-1747)
Venice
The Accademia veneziana, or Veneta academia di pittura, scultura e architettura, was established in 1756 with Piazzetta was its first
president; Nogari was a founder member and president in 1762-63; Pavona beat Canaletto in the competition in 1763, while Betti was a member
until 1783. Exhibitions took place in the Piazza S. Marco on Ascension day and, more formally, in Campo S. Marco on 16 August. Few pastels are recorded.
Pastellists: Porta
(1539-1575); Tintoretto (1539-1594); Caliari
(1588-1631); Rubens (1600-1640); Padovanino (1608-1649); Fetti (1609-1623);
Liberi (1625-1687); Mola (1632-1666);
Mazzoni (1648-1685); G A
Lazzari (1659-1713); Ghislandi (1675-1743); Lazzarini (1675-1730);
G N Nasini (1677-1736); Ricci (1679-1734); Tilson (1680-1695);
Charles (1681-1747); Balestra (1686-1740); Carriera (1693-1757);
Pellegrini (1695-1741); Bencovich
(1697-1753); Cole (1697-1715);
Desmarées (1699-1776); N Grassi
(1702-1748); Martini (1705-1739);
Pesne (1705-1757); Pittoni (1707-1767);
Raoux (1708-1734); G E Schröder
(1710-1715); G B Tiepolo (1716-1761); Narducci (1717-1717); B
Nazari (1719-1758); Nogari (1719-1766); Liotard (1722-1789);
Carlevarijs (1723-1750); Dall'Oglio (1725-1784); Kraus (1725-1752);
Molin (1725-1775); Rotari (1725-1726); Sartori (1728-1760); Maggiotto (1732-1794); Perotti
(1732-1793); Terzi (1732-1756); Boudard (1735-1773); Ceccarini
(1735-1783); Le Gru Perotti (1739-1776); Gandini (1743-1778);
Lorenzi (1743-1750); M J Nazari (1744-1744); N Nazari (1744-1793);
J H Tischbein (1745-1789); Casanova (1747-1802); C W Lazzari (1747-1763);
G D Tiepolo (1747-1804); Bartolozzi (1748-1764); G M Fuchs
(1753-1797); Linder (1756-1802); Tiepolo (1756-1776); J
G Prestel (1759-1808); Pavona (1760-1777); Kauffmann (1761-1807);
Cunningham (1762-1795); Cambruzzi (1764-1803); Crescimbeni
(1765-1772); M W Peters (1773-1814); Matteini (1774-1831);
Lampi (1783-1830); Fancelli (1784-1850); Gutbier (1786-1840)
Verona
The Accademia veronese included Rotari as a member in 1734; it was directed by Giambettino Cignaroli in 1764.
Pastellists: Semplice da Verona
(1609-1654); Balestra (1686-1740); Bencovich
(1697-1753); Cignaroli (1726-1770);
Rotari (1727-1762); Pecchio (1732-1759); Perotti (1732-1793);
Le Gru Perotti (1739-1776); Lorenzi (1743-1787); Ceroni (1750-1773);
Guarienti (1750-1767); Lampi (1771-1830)
Vicenza
Pastellists: Ceroni (1750-1773)
Jelgava
Pastellists: Starke (1770-1780)
Kurland
Pastellists: Offenberg (1772-1827);
Oppermann (1780-1780); Levi (1793-1793)
Livonia
Pastellists: Gutsche (1769-1769)
Riga
Pastellists: G F Taubert (1775-1839);
Seeliger (1786-1821); Grass (1787-1814)
Pastellists: Orlowski (1802-1832)
Pastellists: J Goupy (1706-1710); Favray (1726-1792); Bernard (1740-1777); Buonsignore (1784-1818)
Pastellists: Mathisen (1795-1859)
Christiania (Oslo)
Pastellists: Deramm (1772-1789)
Pastellists: Müller (1743-1797); Darbes (1767-1810); Gutsche (1769-1769); Perronneau (1781-1783)
Biala Podlaska
Pastellists: Dyder (1760-1760)
Chelm
Pastellists: Czapski (1745-1792)
Cieszyn
Pastellists: Blattner (1753-1792)
Gdansk
Pastellists: Denner (1705-1749);
J Wessel (1727-1780); Czapski (1745-1792);
Fabricius (1750-1750); G F Taubert (1775-1839)
Glogów
Pastellists: Raschke (1792-1849)
Posnán
Pastellists: Seiffert (1796-1808)
Stargard Szczecinski
Pastellists: Heuzinger (1789-1846)
Szczecin
Pastellists: J C Krüger (1753-1791);
Heuzinger (1789-1846)
Warsaw
In 1766 Stanislaw August engaged Bacciarelli to head his fine arts programme. Although plans for an Academy of fine arts were not implemented, Bacciarelli established a large workshop at the royal castle.
Pastellists: Dür (1729-1749);
A Roslin (1738-1793); Dorly (1748-1753); Bacciarelli (1751-1818);
Marteau (1752-1804); Kucharski (1760-1760); Pillement
(1760-1767); Lesseur-Lesserowicz (1765-1813); Lampi (1771-1830);
J Bardou (1775-1788); Dupuis (1780-1780); A Gault de Saint-Germain
(1780-1788); C D F Bach (1780-1829); G F Taubert (1785-1794);
Pitschmann (1788-1794); Wojniakowski (1791-1812); Grassi (1791-1795);
Orlowski (1797-1832); Molinari (1817-1831)
Wroclaw
An academy was founded by Friedrich Wilhelm II. in 1791, with Carl Bach as first rector.
Pastellists: Palko (1744-1770);
Braband (1750-1790); P J Bardou (1767-1814); Raabe (1775-1845);
Sydow (1787-1792); F W Müller (1788-1817); Arndt (1789-1801);
Blanchard (1799-1800); Henschel
(1803-1865)
Pastellists: A Noël (1772-1834); Murphy (1780-1814); Hickey (1780-1784); Pillement (1780-1786)
Lisbon
The Academia real de bellas artes de Lisboa succeeded a drawings school started in 1781; Bartolozzi was director from 1802.
Pastellists: Pavona (1735-1777);
Pillement (1750-1754); Parodi (1759-1785); Bartolozzi (1802-1815)
Nagyenyed
Pastellists: Koré (1781-1793)
Sibiu
Pastellists: A Wagner (1799-1806)
Pastellists: Castle (1734-1738); Clodion (1758-1773); Loir (1763-1769); Gutsche (1769-1769); Perronneau (1781-1783); K A H Hess (1789-1849); Lampi (1791-1798); Schipper (1795-1830); Châteaubourg (1800-1837)
Barnaul
Pastellists: Petrov (1801-1810)
Kamensky
Saburov
Pastellists: Rzhevskaya (1760-1769)
Moscow
Pastellists: U Gandolfi (1748-1781);
Levitsky (1755-1822); Tonci
(1776-1844); J Bardou
(1777-1790); Vigée Le Brun (1795-1801); Guttenbrunn (1800-1813); C W Bardou (1804-1827)
St Petersburg
Russia was slow to follow European artistic trends, its first forays into pastel relying on visiting artists. The Académie des beaux-arts was created in 1757, with a Western outlook. The institution was transformed under Catherine II and her director, Ivan Betskoï; it undertook a teaching role analogous to that of the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens established by Catherine II in 1764. When Stanislaw August Poniatowski inspected the school in 1797, the imperial family was presented with works in embroidery, drawing and pastel. The Académie promoted many foreign pastellists: Boucher was made an associé libre honoraire, as was the duquesa de Huéscar before 1766. Torelli appointed professor in 1762. Lampi taught Borovikovsky there from 1795.
Pastellists: Dietrich
(1732-1774); A Roslin
(1738-1793); Eriksen (1742-1782); Gandini (1743-1778); Levitsky
(1755-1822); Leprince (1756-1761); Rotari (1756-1762);
G F Schmidt (1757-1762); Sompsois (1757-1797); Moreau
le jeune (1758-1814); Maurice (1758-1820); Torelli (1762-1784);
Buckinghamshire (1762-1816);
Brecheisen (1764-1766); Bonnet (1765-1793); Voille (1768-1804);
Skorodumov (1768-1792); Losenko (1769-1773); Darbes (1773-1788); J Bardou (1775-1788);
J H Schmidt (1775-1829); G F Taubert (1775-1839); Repnina
(1776-1834); Hessell (1777-1830); Borovikovsky (1777-1825);
Maria Fedorovna (1779-1828);
Høyer (1781-1804); Meynecke (1784-1784); Yasnopolski (1785-1785);
Seeliger (1786-1821); Petrov (1787-1810); Russia GDss (1790-1790); Guttenbrunn (1795-1813); Vigée Le Brun (1795-1842); Kügelgen
(1795-1820); Barbier (1796-1828); Miles
(1797-1807); Tonci (1797-1844); Venetzianov
(1799-1847); Orth (1800-1861); C W Bardou (1800-1842);
Asselin (1801-1803); J Le Brun (1801-1819); Orlowski (1802-1832);
Mosnier (1802-1808); F Dubois (1804-1818); Ferrière (1805-1816);
Molinari (1806-1817); Oppermann (1807-1807); Tangermann (1807-1809)
Tula
Pastellists: Bolotov (1758-1833)
Pastellists: Lindo (1734-1767); J Roberts (1788-1793); Monogrammist M (1790-1790); Danloux (1792-1809)
Edinburgh
The Trustees' Academy opened in 1760 with its first director William Delacour; succeeded in 1767 by another Frenchman, Pavillon, until 1771.
Pastellists: P
Quesnel (1523-1580); F Quesnel (1563-1619); Ferguson
(1730-1776); Ramsay (1733-1784); J Hunter (1737-1745);
Alves (1756-1808); Delacour (1757-1767); Scouler (1761-1812);
Willison (1761-1797); Cambruzzi (1764-1803); Forbes (1765-1834);
Skirving (1769-1819); G Stuart (1771-1773); Js Russell (1774-1836);
D Martin (1775-1798); Raeburn
(1776-1823); Robertson (1786-1835);
Cay (1790-1831); Walker (1800-1800)
Glasgow
The printsellers Andrew and Robert Foulis established the Foulis Academy of Fine Arts in 1753, with support from Colonel Joseph Yorke and others. The pupils drew in crayons,
chalk or ink from casts or prints. The academy closed in 1775.
Pastellists: Cambruzzi (1778-1778)
Inverness
Pastellists: Alves (1773-1808)
Cape Town
Pastellists: P W Regnault (1754-1765)
Pastellists: Hickey (1780-1824)
Barcelona
Pastellists: Cambruzzi (1791-1803)
Cadiz
Pastellists: Wertmüller
(1791-1811)
Córdoba
Pastellists: Palomino (1712-1777)
Madrid
The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando was founded in 1744. The sculptor G. D. Olivieri was the first sculpture director; his daughter was admitted in 1759. Honorary members included the female artists Carrón and Carranque. The duqesa de Osuna's tertulia, or salon, was an important centre for Enlightenment thinking in Madrid.
Pastellists: F Zuccaro (1586-1588); Rubens (1603-1640); León y Leal (1630-1687); Neer (1654-1703); Elisabetta Farnese
(1712-1766); Palomino (1712-1777); Pavona (1715-1777);
Preciado (1732-1789); Lundberg (1745-1745); Pillement
(1747-1750); Olivier (1750-1762); Arnal (1755-1805); Inza
(1756-1811); Huéscar (1760-1784);
Caron (1761-1761); G B Tiepolo (1761-1770); G D Tiepolo (1761-1771);
Tiepolo (1763-1776); Cambruzzi (1764-1803); Franco
(1764-1826); C Meléndez
(1770-1770); A M Mengs (1771-1793); Perronneau (1771–1772);
Ximénez (1772-1828); Amat de Palou (1773-1819); Carranque (1773-1773);
Castellini (1773-1773); Osuna (1775-1807);
Mengs (1779-1779); Santa Cruz (1784-1808);
Bauzil (1786-1820); Gilabert (1790-1790);
López y Portaña (1790-1850); F E Meléndez (1790-1825); Wertmüller (1790-1811); Hurtado (1791-1818); Sabatini (1791-1838); Michel (1793-1793)
Seville
Pastellists: Pacheco
(1584-1644); Aula (1602-1658);
Rubira (1767-1787); Amat de Palou (1773-1819)
Valencia
The Real academia de bellas artes de San Carlos de Valencia was formed in 1768 in succession to the Academia de bellas artes de Santa
Bárbara. Josefa Mayans was named directoria honoraria in 1776; S.ra Ferrer was appointed Académica de mérito in 1795; López y Portaña was vice-director after 1790, and Planes was paintings director.
Pastellists: Planes (1762-1821);
Franco (1764-1826); Mayans (1776-1802); Cortes de Pallás (1779-1817);
López y Portaña (1792-1850); Ferrer (1795-1818); Mezquita (1802-1802)
Pastellists: Dahl (1676-1743); Pavona (1715-1777); Eklund (1757-1802); Fraenckel (1792-1857)
Göteborg
Pastellists: Reimers (1700-1731);
K P Reinhardt (1807-1809)
Gotland
Pastellists: Felt (1744-1786)
Gripsholm
Pastellists: Coopman (1709-1767)
Stockholm
The Kungliga akademi för die fria konsterna ws established in 1733, under the influence of Tessin. Lundberg became director in 1776; Pasch was professor and director c.1800.
Pastellists: Desmarées (1699-1724);
Reimers (1700-1731); G E Schröder (1704-1750); Lundberg (1715-1786);
Meytens (1715-1770); Tessin (1731-1768);
Pilo (1735-1792); Hörling (1738-1786); A Roslin (1738-1774);
Mörck (1741-1764); Rosenheim (1745-1803);
Björk (1746-1793); Taraval (1749-1750); Meurling (1750-1771);
Pasch (1753-1805); E Martin (1759-1818); Høyer (1761-1804);
Hall (1766-1793); Rönnow (1766-1787);
Forsslund (1774-1809); Sparrgren (1783-1828); Hofling (1798-1827);
Le Monnier (1800-1853); Lorentz (1810-1810)
Uppsala
Pastellists: Hall (1759-1793);
Forsslund (1774-1809)
Pastellists: Kraus (1725-1752); J J Kauffmann (1727-1782); Sinner (1752-1752); Marne (1764-1829);
Vergelat (1775-Aarau
Pastellists: Dinkel (1782-1832);
Moosbrugger (1794-1849)
Basel
Pastellists: Holbein (1518-1546);
Büchel (1725-1775); Freudenberger (1761-1764); Cramm (1790-1819)
Bern
Bern had a drawings school since the 1680s, when Joseph Werner established one. Johann Grimm's drawing school was taken over by Aberli in 1747.
Pastellists: Manuel-Deutsch
(1504-1530); Grimm (1697-1747);
Wyl (1708-1764); Dür (1729-1749); Handmann (1738-1781);
Aberli (1743-1786); Zingg (1757-1816); Freudenberger (1765-1801);
Hurter (1768-1770); Hermann (1776-1806);
Dinkel (1782-1832); Biedermann (1783-1830); Sonnenschein (1795-1795)
Coppet
Pastellists: Staël (1786-1817)
Corcelles
Pastellists: L'Hardy (1786-1808)
Geneva
Calvin established an academy in 1559. An École publique de dessin was opened in 1751; Ferrière and Firmin Massot were pupils. The Société des arts was founded in 1776; members included Arlaud-Jurine.
Pastellists: J
A Arlaud (1708-1746); Liotard
(1722-1789); F
E Vincent (1726-1745); Dupan
(1732-1763); Dompierre (1735-1771); Guillibaud (1738-1799);
Huber (1741-1786); Gardelle
(1745-1741); Boufflers
(1758-1815); La Houlière (1761-1800); Stanhope (1764-1774);
Juel (1765-1802); Grasson (1766-1825); Sené (1767-1804);
Arlaud Jurine (1771-1829); Ferrière (1772-1839); Pillement (1774-1808);
Brun (1778-1815); Morin-Marchinville (1778-1780); Terroux (1779-1822);
Valentini (1780-1835); P Massot (1781-1828); Fabre d'Eglantine
(1783-1794); Sarasin (1785-1844);
F Massot (1786-1849); Agasse (1787-1849); F
Gonord (1789-1822); Saint-Ours
(1790-1809); Petitot (1791-1844); M L Arlaud (1792-1845);
Bodemer (1797-1799); Clermont-Tonnerre (1797-1849)
Konstanz
Pastellists: Moosbrugger (1794-1849)
Lausanne
Pastellists: Guillibaud (1738-1799);
Corcelles (1746-1796); Bolomey (1758-1819); Boufflers
(1758-1815); de Wyl (1758-1784); Piot (1763-1812); La Mourelyas (1785-1785);
Agasse (1787-1849); Oviedo (1800-1833);
M L Arlaud (1822-1845)
Luzern
Pastellists: Lander (1745-1790);
Wyrsch (1752-1798)
Sankt Gallen
Pastellists: Brunschweiler (1778-1845)
Sankt Wendel
Pastellists: Lauer (1786-1824);
Volz (1797-1824)
Schaffhausen
Pastellists: Handmann (1738-1781);
Hurter (1754-1799); Bäschlin (1765-1789); Büschlin (1765-1789); J H W Tischbein (1785-1829);
Saint-Mémin (1790-1852); Catel (1798-1856); Vigée Le Brun
(1807-1842)
Urdorf
Pastellists: Schmoll (1765-1785)
Zurich
Pastellists: Corrodi (1744-1760);
Werdmüller (1762-1813); Merz (1765-1802); Brunschweiler (1778-1845);
Lips (1778-1817); L Hess (1780-1800); Longastre (1784-1806);
Hirzel (1789-1858); Grass (1796-1814)
Dutch painting in the 18th century was a poor reflection of the glories of the previous century.
After Troost's death in 1750, the principal portraitists were Jacobus Buys and George van der Mijn Amsterdam; van Cuijlenburg in Utrecht; Jelgersma. The demand for portraits was mainly fulfilled by foreigners, Perronneau, Liotard, Tischbein, Bolomey and Hodges.
Pastellists: Jouffroy
(1742-1786); Eichler (1744-1783);
Huisse (1753-1753); Perronneau (1754-1780); La
Tour (1766-1788); Darbes (1767-1810); Glain (1768-1787);
J La Croix (1768-1807); Therbusch (1769-1782); Wicart (1770-1770);
J v Hien (1771-1775); J A Cornu (1775-1807); Nijman (1775-1775);
C D F Bach (1776-1829); Schröder (1777-1812); C Hoffman
(1778-1779); Monogrammist AR (1778-1778); Vau…ons (1778-1778);
H Le Gué (1779-1780); Pasquier (1780-1806); Pelletier (1783-1794);
J C Le Gué (1784-1784); Rooy (1784-1784); Van Heron (1785-1785);
Druijnen (1788-1788); Honnete (1792-1793); Wiggers (1792-1792);
Monogrammist WM (1795-1795); Despierres (1800-1800)
Amersfoort
Pastellists: Hoorn (1773-1833)
Amsterdam
The Guild of St Luke dates back to 1579. The first public drawing school was the Stadstekenacademie founded in 1765, with directors
including Buys, Vinkeles and Ploos van Amstel. Elliger and Quinkhard taught Mertens there in 1760s; Andriessen was a pupil there in 1766,
returning to teach and as co-director from 1784, before opening his own academy in 1805. Willem Writs (1732-1786), a watch and instrument
maker, and a group of friends formed the Amsterdam society Sapientia et Libertate in 1771. Six years later this grew into the Maatschappij Felix Meritis, which moved in 1789 to a building at Keizersgracht 324, a "temple of the Enlightnment", promoting the arts and sciences. Hodges and Tozelli were among its members.
Pastellists: Dusart (1638-1683);
W Vaillant (1643-1677); J H Roos (1651-1685); B Vaillant
(1652-1698); Neer (1654-1703); Dalen (1658-1664); M Des Angles
(1687-1741); Desmarées (1699-1776); Wit (1715-1754); Troost
(1716-1750); Sam (1719-1769); Aved (1720-1766); Endlich (1720-1747);
La Croix (1729-1782); Wandelaar (1732-1759); G Van der Mijn
(1741-1763); Camper (1742-1789); Tollius (1742-1847); Buys (1744-1801);
Ploos van Amstel (1746-1798);
Strumpff (1748-1766); Vilsteren (1750-1763); Kordenbusch (1751-1802);
S Troost (1752-1803); Liotard (1755-1756); Baur (1756-1817);
Greenwood (1758-1763); I Schmidt (1760-1818); Pfeiffer (1761-1807);
Andriessen (1762-1819); Hendriks (1764-1775); Mertens (1765-1821);
Caron (1768-1768); Numan (1770-1820); Jelgerhuis (1772-1806);
Bilderdijk (1776-1780); G Rooyen (1780-1817); Vitringa (1782-1842);
Hodges (1784-1837); J A Hirschmann (1785-1830);
Dietzer (1790-1826); Jelgerhuis (1790-1836); Fischer (1792-1799);
Monogrammist GL (1793-1798); Pinant (1793-1795); Tozelli (1793-1822);
Laurenty (1793-1834); Marcus (1794-1826); Esser (1799-1860); Scheffer
(1804-1809); Liernur (1805-1815); Langerveld (1814-1830)
Apeldoorn
Pastellists: H Van der Mijn (1737-1741)
Arnhem
Pastellists: F L Hauck (1738-1801);
Monogrammist Lb (1793-1793)
Bergen op Zoom
Pastellists: H Boon (1791-1791)
Boxmeer
Pastellists: Laube (1775-1824)
Breda
Pastellists: Antiquus (1722-1750);
Van Spaendonck (1769-1822); Fredriks (1771-1822)
Delft
The ancient Guild of Saint Luke included van Wessel as a member in 1670.
Pastellists: Mierevelt
(1587-1641);
I v Wessel (1670-1736); W v d Lely (1718-1772);
Jelgerhuis (1749-1806); Liotard (1755-1756); Velthuysen
(1774-1843)
Deventer
Pastellists: Anspach (1772-1823)
Dokkum
Pastellists: Roorda (1779-1779);
Bonga (1783-1783)
Dordrecht
Pastellists: A Schouman (1730-1748);
Strij (1773-1826); M Schouman (1790-1848); Scheffer (1794-1809)
Franeker
Pastellists: Camper (1742-1789)
Groningen
The Academie Minerva was formed in 1798 to teach drawing and other skills.
Pastellists: Antiquus (1722-1750);
Haverkamp (1734-1734); Camper (1742-1789); Beckeringh (1762-1810);
Camphuijzen (1762-1772); Iddekinge (1770-1826);
Veltman (1773-1785); J L v Dijk (1775-1800); Lubbers (1775-1834);
Hosson (1777-1833); Bohres (1779-1852); San (1795-1830);
Langerveld (1797-1814); Esser (1799-1860)
Haarlem
The Sint-Lucasgilde, or Guild of St Luke, was founded 1496 and reorganised in 1631; among its members were Augustini; Claterbos; Jelgersma. Interested in both science and art, Pieter Teyler's collections formed the nucleus of the Teylers Foundation, the earliest public Dutch art museum, opened in 1784 with Wybrand Hendriks as curator.
Pastellists: Goltzius
(1578-1617); Lely (1638-1640);
Jelgersma (1722-1795); Augustini (1745-1773); Kordenbusch
(1751-1802); Noorde (1751-1795); Gent (1762-1830); Hendriks (1764-1831);
Numan (1768-1820); Claterbos (1770-1828); G Rooyen (1770-1771);
Horstink (1776-1815); Bilderdijk (1827-1831)
Helvoirt
Pastellists: Arens (1784-1792)
Het Loo
Pastellists: Antiquus (1722-1750)
Kralingen
Pastellists: P de Ridder (1786-1786)
Leeuwarden
Pastellists: Carré (1669-1721);
H Van der Mijn (1737-1741); Jelgerhuis (1749-1806); Haer
(1768-1802); G Rooyen (1773-1817)
Leiden
Apart from its ancient Sint-Lucasgilde, Leiden had a Tekeningenacademie, founded in 1694 and run by the van Mieris family until the 1760s; in 1799 it was transformed into the society Ars Aemula Natura, of which Liernur was a member.
Pastellists: Kneller (1666-1723);
B Vaillant (1698-1698); Briemen (1713-1721); J v Dijk (1738-1798);
Wandelaar (1741-1759); Camper (1742-1789); Kordenbusch (1751-1802);
A C Hauck (1762-1801); Bilderdijk
(1780-1828); Liernur (1797-1815)
Loo
Pastellists: Senave (1778-1823)
Maastricht
The Illustre School te Maastricht ran from 1683 to 1784; J van Dijk was professor there from 1765.
Pastellists: Broeckhuysen
(1702-1748); J v Dijk
(1757-1765); A C Hauck (1762-1801); Huguenin (1770-1834)
Middelburg
Michiel van Limborgh was a member of the Sint-Lucasgilde in 1647; de Koster was awarded prizes at the Middelburgse Teeken Akademie c.1784.
Pastellists: Schurman (1627-1678);
Keyser (1759-1806); Koster (1787-1788)
Name
Pastellists: J v Dijk (1749-1798)
Nijmegen
Pastellists: Langevelt (1655-1695);
Krayenhoff (1778-1840); Laube (1804-1824)
Rijswijk
Pastellists: Howard (1697-1738);
Cole (1698-1735)
Rotterdam
Anspach was a member of the ancient Sint-Lucasgilde there from 1792.
Pastellists: Neer (1654-1703);
Paets (1656-1715); B Vaillant (1675-1698); Oets (1740-1790);
Béranger (1749-1817); Muys (1760-1808); A C Hauck (1762-1801);
Jelgerhuis (1777-1806); A Boon (1785-1802); Dietzer
(1790-1826); Anspach (1792-1823); Scheffer (1802-1803)
's Hertogenbosch
Pastellists: Amelsfoort (1794-1820)
The Hague
The Sint-Lucasgilde existed from the 15th century, encompassing a number of related trades as well as fine art. A group of dissatisfied
painters established the rival Confrerie Pictura in 1656. In 1682 the Haagsche Teekenacademie was formed as a drawings school; it was later
incorporated into the Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten, Den Haag.
Pastellists: Veen (1615-1635); Mierevelt (1625-1641); Huygens
(1648-1697); Neer (1654-1703); Dusart (1664-1683); R Gibson
(1677-1688); Ruijsch (1679-1682);
M Des Angles (1687-1741); Birochon (1696-1726); Cole (1697-1735); Limborgh (1701-1759); Carré
(1716-1721); J B Xavery (1725-1742); La Croix (1729-1782); Vilsteren (1730-1750);
Dupan (1732-1763); Anna van Oranje-Nassau (1734-1759);
Liszewska (1736-1783); P W Regnault (1736-1753); J v Dijk (1738-1798);
Cuyck (1744-1791); J v Dijk (1747-1798);
A Schouman (1748-1792); Bonnac (1752-1778);
Hurter (1754-1799); Liotard (1755-1756); Xavery (1756-1769);
Björk (1761-1793); Camphuijzen (1762-1772); V Vispré (1762-1780);
Bolomey (1763-1792); Muys (1763-1808); Heinsius
(1767-1812); Haer (1768-1802);
Ziesenis (1768-1776); Caron (1769-1769); Sabé (1770-1770); Fredriks
(1771-1822); Helant (1772-1837); Slicher (1772-1807);
Temminck (1773-1813); Schweickhardt (1775-1787); Reumonte (1777-1778);
Sompsois (1778-1797); Bilderdijk (1782-1785);
J F A Tischbein (1786-1812); Liernur (1790-1815); Louise
Wilhelmine (1790-1790); J A Hirschmann (1790-1830);
Anspach (1791-1823); Hari (1792-1849); Besanger (1793-1800);
S La Croix (1793-1793); Hodges (1793-1797); Kuyck (1797-1797);
Esser (1799-1860); Cuijlenburg (1813-1827)
Utrecht
The Sint-Lucasgilde, founded in 1611, included framemakers and dealers as well as painters until in 1644 the Utrechtse schilderscollege was established, encompassing a tekenacademie. Cuijlenburg and Van Geelen were directors at the end of the 18th century.
Pastellists: Mierevelt
(1581-1583); Schurman
(1627-1678); Kordenbusch (1751-1802); Heinsius
(1760-1812); Mertens (1765-1821);
J Rooyen (1772-1772); Geelen (1775-1824); Cuijlenburg (1778-1827);
Scheffer (1788-1809)
Vlissingen
Pastellists: Caron (1768-1768)
Warmond
Pastellists: Briemen (1721-1774);
Wandelaar (1732-1759)
Zuylen
Pastellists: Fagel (1755-1759);
Charrière (1760-1805); Dierkens (1760-1807)
Zwolle
Pastellists: Anspach (1772-1823)
Pastellists: K A H Hess (1789-1849)
Constantinople
Pastellists: Vanmour
(1691-1737); Liotard
(1738-1742); Favray (1760-1765)
Kremenets
Pastellists: Pitschmann (1806-1834)
Lviv
Pastellists: Pitschmann (1795-1806)
United Kingdom, v. England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales
Pastellists: Kosciuszko (1766-1817); Sculpe (1774-1774); F L Hirschmann (1791-1812); W Wright (1798-1798)
Annapolis
Pastellists: Peale (1761-1827)
Baltimore
Pastellists: Hobbs (1785-1785);
Saint-Mémin (1790-1852); Steele (1790-1806)
Albany
Pastellists: Mare (1772-1803)
Boston
Although portraiture was important in Boston in the 18th century, institutions emerged rather late. The Athenaeum was established in 1807. The Columbian Museum was founded by Daniel Bowen in 1795, and displayed waxworks, natural history specimens and curiosities as well as paintings by Robert Edge Pine and others. It was destroyed by fire twice but reopened.
Pastellists: Greenwood (1747-1792); Blackburn (1753-1778); Copley
(1758-1815); Johnson (1765-1765); Mason (1768-1768); J Johnston (1773-1818);
Ramage (1775-1802); Hazlitt (1783-1787); Davidson (1788-1800);
Doyle (1789-1828); Schipper (1795-1830); Malbone (1796-1807);
G Stuart (1805-1828)
California
Pastellists: A Noël (1770-1834)
Charleston
Pastellists: Johnston (1694-1729);
Beatson (1772-1839); Grafton (1774-1774); Stevenson (1774-1774);
Brahm (1776-1822); Saint-Mémin (1793-1814); Du Suau (1794-1794);
Schipper (1795-1830); Malbone (1800-1807)
Connecticut
Pastellists: Steward (1773-1822);
Perkins (1791-1831); Cooley (1802-1858)
Georgia
Pastellists: Eccles (1771-1774)
Halifax
Pastellists: Ramage (1772-1802)
Hartford
Pastellists: Blodgett (1774-1809)
Massachusetts
Pastellists: Bascom (1792-1848)
New Haven
Pastellists: Delanoy (1762-1795)
New Jersey
Pastellists: M Williams (1768-1837);
Dunlap (1784-1784)
New York
Pastellists: P Vanderlyn (1718-1778);
Du Simitière (1765-1784); Mare (1765-1803); Sharples (1771-1811); Trumbull (1776-1843); Ramage
(1777-1802); W J Williams (1779-1792); Thornton (1781-1828);
Quesnay (1784-1784); Dunlap (1787-1839); E Sharples (1789-1849);
Saint-Mémin (1790-1852); Robertson (1791-1835); Berczy (1792-1813);
J Roberts (1793-1803); G Stuart (1793-1795); Valdenuit (1793-1797); Wertmüller (1793-1811); Js Martin (1794-1820); J Vanderlyn
(1795-1852); Malbone (1797-1807); Schipper (1802-1830)
Newport
Pastellists: G Stuart (1775-1828);
Malbone (1797-1807)
Norfolk
Pastellists: Saint-Mémin (1790-1852)
NorthCarolina
Pastellists: Mare (1778-1803)
Philadelphia
Du Simitière opened his American Museum of natural history specimens, coins and printed ephemera to the public in 1782; most of the works on paper were acquired by
the Library Company of Philadelphia in the auction after his death. The firm Duvivier & Son advertised in Claypoole's American daily advertiser (31.X.1797, p. 3) for pupils for the reopening of their Academy of drawing and painting at 12 Strawberry Street, Philadelphia.
Pastellists: Du Simitière (1757-1784);
Hopkinson (1757-1791); W Williams (1759-1791);
Peale (1776-1827); Savage (1781-1817); Pine (1784-1788); J Pine
(1784-1784); Fulton (1786-1815); Mare (1786-1790); Thornton (1786-1828);
Jennings (1787-1787); Saint-Mémin (1790-1852); Wertmüller (1793-1811); W J Williams (1793-1823); Barralet
(1795-1815); G Stuart (1795-1828); Duvivier & Son (1796-1797);
R Peale (1798-1860); Malbone (1798-1807); Miles
(1807-1828)
Portsmouth, NH
Pastellists: J Roberts (1800-1803)
Providence
Pastellists: Blodgett (1774-1809);
Malbone (1794-1807)
Rhode Island
Pastellists: Okey (1771-1780)
Richmond
Pastellists: Blyth (1782-1787); Saint-Mémin (1790-1852)
Salem
Pastellists: Blyth (1760-1782);
S Blyth (1764-1795); Liugay (1795-1795); Schipper (1795-1830)
Savannah
Pastellists: Schipper (1795-1830);
Malbone (1807-1807)
Washington
Pastellists: Saint-Mémin (1790-1852);
G Stuart (1803-1828)
Williamsburg
Pastellists: Peale (1769-1776)
Worcester
Pastellists: Schipper (1795-1830)
Pastellists: Parry (1763-1791)
Pastellists: Du Simitière (1756-1765)
Guadaloupe
Pastellists: Savart (1765-1801)
Île Maurice
Pastellists: Barrois (1795-1800)
Martinique
Pastellists: Savart (1800-1801)
Saint-Domingue
Pastellists: Du Suaw (1794-1794)
Suriname
Pastellists: Greenwood (1752-1758);
Caron (1771-1776)